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Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
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The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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Boron cluster leveraged polymeric building blocks.

Jianwei Li1,2,3, Jong Seung Kim4, Jiangli Fan1,2

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This review explores integrating boron cluster compounds (BCCs) into polymers. These hybrid materials offer enhanced stability for applications in medicine, energy storage, and advanced materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Boron cluster compounds (BCCs) possess unique properties and stability.
  • Incorporating BCCs into polymers creates advanced materials for diverse applications.
  • Carbon and boron atoms' catenation abilities enable novel macromolecular structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review methods for integrating boron clusters into carbon-based polymers.
  • To explore both non-covalent and covalent bonding strategies.
  • To summarize applications of these novel hybrid materials.

Main Methods:

  • Examining weak non-covalent interactions (e.g., dihydrogen bonding) between BCCs and polymers.
  • Discussing covalent attachment via exoskeletal substitution on polymer side groups.
  • Incorporating BCCs into polymer backbones through polycondensation reactions.

Main Results:

  • Hybrid nanostructures formed via non-covalent interactions.
  • BCCs attached as side groups or integrated into polymer backbones.
  • Resulting hybrid macromolecules exhibit exceptional physical and chemical properties.

Conclusions:

  • BCC-containing polymers offer viable alternatives to traditional hydrocarbon-based polymers.
  • Applications include boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs), and luminescent materials.
  • These materials show promise for biomedical, energy storage, and stimuli-responsive applications.