Advances in Subacute Thyroiditis: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Therapies

Area of Science:

• Endocrinology
• Immunology
• Virology

Background:

• Subacute thyroiditis (SAT) is an inflammatory thyroid disorder frequently associated with viral infections.
• The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted SARS-CoV-2 and its vaccine as potential triggers for SAT.
• Understanding SAT's pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and progression remains crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

• To summarize recent advancements in the understanding of subacute thyroiditis.
• To review updated knowledge on SAT pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, and therapeutic strategies.
• To emphasize the role of viral pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2, in SAT.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of recent studies on subacute thyroiditis.
• Analysis of findings related to genetic predisposition (HLA genes) and cytokine storm in SAT.
• Evaluation of new diagnostic criteria and emerging therapeutic options.

Main Results:

• Genetic factors, such as specific HLA genes, are identified as risk factors for SAT.
• Inflammatory cytokine storms are implicated in the progression of SAT.
• Novel diagnostic criteria and treatments, including herbal medicines, are emerging.

Conclusions:

• Recent progress has enhanced the understanding of SAT's pathogenic mechanisms.
• Improved diagnostic criteria aid in the rapid and accurate diagnosis of atypical SAT cases.
• New therapeutic avenues, complementing traditional treatments, are being explored for SAT management.