Investigation the Concentration Levels of Essential and Non-Essential Elements in Veterinary Vaccines by Inductively...

Vaccination is one of the cutting-edge approaches for preventing and controlling infectious diseases in humans and animals. However, using elements as mineral adjuvants in vaccine manufacture has raised a vaccine safety concern. This study was designed to determine the concentrations of 19 elements in 33 veterinary vaccines and their diluents given to poultry, pets such as cats and dogs, and large animals including sheep, goats, cattle, and camels using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to track these sources of these elements by analyzing vaccines and their diluents. The findings in this study indicated that pet vaccines had a high concentration of all targeted elements, and all analyzed samples were rich in the most vital elements for animals, with particularly high concentrations of Ca. In addition, the results indicate that the majority of elements including Ca, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Bi, Th, U, Cd, In, and Pb originate from the vaccination diluents. Conversely, antigens are the source of Li, Ga, Sr, and Ba. The study demonstrated the use of Al and Ca as an adjuvant through their high concentrations of both elements in vaccines. The relative standard deviation values (RSD %) were < 4% for all targeted elements, R² > 0.996, and accuracy % varies between 93% (for ⁸⁸Sr, and ²⁰⁹Bi) and 99% (for most elements). Research and monitoring to assess the safety and efficacy of elements in veterinary vaccines should be expanded and highlighted to guide future use of these ingredients.