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Related Concept Videos

Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

12.9K
The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
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Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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Pleiotropy01:33

Pleiotropy

38.3K
Pleiotropy is the phenomenon in which a single gene impacts multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits. For example, defects in the SOX10 gene cause Waardenburg Syndrome Type 4, or WS4, which can cause defects in pigmentation, hearing impairments, and an absence of intestinal contractions necessary for elimination. This diversity of phenotypes results from the expression pattern of SOX10 in early embryonic and fetal development. SOX10 is found in neural crest cells that form melanocytes,...
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Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives01:14

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives

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The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
Albinism
Albinism is a genetic disorder that affects (completely or partially) the coloring of skin, hair, and eyes. The defect is primarily...
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Updated: May 15, 2025

Direct Reprogramming of Mouse Fibroblasts into Melanocytes
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Epigenetic Modifications in Vitiligo.

Xin Huang1, Jing Zhu1, Tianqi Wei1

  • 1Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.

Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology
|April 9, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation and non-coding RNAs, are increasingly recognized for their role in vitiligo pathogenesis. Understanding these mechanisms offers potential for novel diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic strategies for this autoimmune skin disorder.

Keywords:
AutoimmunityEpigeneticsMelanocyteMiRNAsVitiligo

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Immunology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Vitiligo is an autoimmune depigmenting skin disorder impacting patient mental health.
  • Current understanding suggests genetic susceptibility, immune imbalance, and oxidative stress contribute to vitiligo.
  • The precise pathogenesis of vitiligo remains incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review epigenetic modification mechanisms involved in vitiligo pathogenesis.
  • To explore the potential of epigenetics in vitiligo diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.
  • To provide a foundation for targeted therapeutic research in vitiligo.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on epigenetic modifications in vitiligo.
  • Summary of epigenetic regulatory mechanisms: non-coding RNAs, DNA methylation, and histone modification.
  • Analysis of epigenetic roles in physiological processes relevant to vitiligo.

Main Results:

  • Epigenetic modifications are emerging regulators of gene expression in vitiligo.
  • Epigenetic mechanisms influence immune homeostasis, melanocyte survival, cell adhesion, and metabolism in vitiligo.
  • Epigenetics shows potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for vitiligo.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic modifications play a significant role in the pathogenesis of vitiligo.
  • Further research into epigenetic mechanisms is crucial for developing targeted therapies.
  • Epigenetic insights can advance the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of vitiligo.