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Related Concept Videos

General Characteristics of Pipe Flow I01:22

General Characteristics of Pipe Flow I

537
Pipe flow refers to the movement of fluids within fully enclosed conduits, typically cylindrical in shape, such as water pipes or hydraulic hoses. These conduits are designed to withstand high-pressure gradients that drive fluid movement, contrasting with open-channel flows, where gravity is the primary driving force. Rectangular conduits, like air conditioning and heating ducts, generally operate at lower pressures and are less suited for high-pressure applications.
The classification of fluid...
537
General Characteristics of Pipe Flow II01:24

General Characteristics of Pipe Flow II

510
When fluid enters a pipe, it first passes through the entrance region, where the velocity profile adjusts due to viscous effects. In this region, a boundary layer forms along the pipe walls and grows until it fully occupies the pipe's cross-section. Once the boundary layer merges, the flow becomes fully developed, with a steady velocity profile that remains consistent along the pipe's length.
The distance to reach a fully developed flow is called the entrance length and depends on the...
510
Turbulent Flow01:24

Turbulent Flow

87
Turbulent flow is characterized by unpredictable fluctuations in velocity and pressure, which result in a chaotic fluid movement distinct from the orderly patterns of laminar flow. While laminar flow is governed by smooth, parallel layers with minimal mixing, turbulent flow exhibits highly irregular, three-dimensional patterns. This behavior arises due to instabilities in the fluid's velocity profile, and amplifies as the flow velocity increases. Minor disturbances, known as turbulent...
87
Laminar Flow01:27

Laminar Flow

436
Laminar flow represents a smooth, orderly fluid motion where particles move along parallel paths, resulting in minimal mixing between layers. Streamlined particle paths characterize this flow regime and occur under conditions where viscous forces dominate over inertial forces. The distinction between laminar, transitional, and turbulent flow is primarily determined by the Reynolds number, a dimensionless quantity calculated as:
436
Steady Flow of a Fluid Stream01:27

Steady Flow of a Fluid Stream

219
Consider a control volume, such as a pipe with solid boundaries, through which fluid flows and changes direction due to the impulse exerted by the resulting force from the pipe walls. In steady flow, the mass of fluid entering the control volume at a given time, t, with velocity v1, is equal to the mass leaving after infinitesimal time dt, with velocity v2.
During this process, the momentum of the fluid within the control volume remains constant over the time interval dt. By applying the...
219
Introduction to Types of Flows01:23

Introduction to Types of Flows

756
Fluid flows are categorized by dimensionality and behavior, with one-dimensional flow being the simplest form, where properties like velocity and pressure change only along a single axis. Water moving through straight pipes exemplifies this flow type, as variations in other directions are minimal. One-dimensional analysis helps simplify understanding such flows, focusing solely on changes along the pipe's length.
Two-dimensional flow involves changes in both length and height, as seen in...
756

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Updated: May 15, 2025

Characterization of the Isolated, Ventilated, and Instrumented Mouse Lung Perfused with Pulsatile Flow
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Pulsatile pipe flow transition: Flow waveform effects.

Melissa C Brindise1, Pavlos P Vlachos1

  • 1School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.

Physics of Fluids (Woodbury, N.Y. : 1994)
|April 10, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The shape of pulsatile flow waveforms significantly impacts flow transition in pipes. Longer deceleration phases promote earlier transition, while longer acceleration phases delay it, affecting turbulence dynamics.

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Area of Science:

  • Fluid dynamics
  • Hemodynamics
  • Turbulence

Background:

  • Flow transition mechanisms in physiological and non-physiological environments remain unclear.
  • Previous studies on pulsatile pipe flow transition yielded conflicting results, often using limited waveform shapes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how input pulsatile waveform shape influences the onset and development of flow transition.
  • To analyze the turbulent kinetic energy budget under varying waveform shapes and flow conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized particle image velocimetry (PIV) to study flow dynamics.
  • Employed three distinct pulsatile waveforms and six mean Reynolds numbers.
  • Computed the turbulent kinetic energy budget, including dissipation, production, and pressure diffusion.

Main Results:

  • Waveform shape critically affects transition onset; longer deceleration phases induce earlier transition, while longer acceleration phases delay it.
  • Turbulence originates at the wall and dissipates or redistributes based on the mean Reynolds number.
  • Turbulent production correlates with temporal velocity gradients, reaching an asymptotic limit.
  • Turbulence dissipation rate is independent of mean Reynolds number but linked to waveform temporal gradients.

Conclusions:

  • The pulsatile waveform shape is a key determinant of flow transition onset and progression.
  • Understanding these waveform-dependent transition mechanisms is crucial for hemodynamic research.
  • This study provides new insights into turbulence generation and dissipation influenced by waveform characteristics.