Existing Meditation and Breathing Devices for Stress Reduction and Their Incorporated Stimuli: A Systematic...

To identify, evaluate, and summarize existing meditation and breathing devices for stress reduction and their characteristics (stimuli), we searched PubMed and EMBASE for studies published from January 1, 1980, to December 30, 2021. Full-text articles that presented devices that support meditation and breathing guidance for stress reduction were included. We excluded articles covering study protocols. In addition, a competitor analysis was conducted to identify and evaluate the devices, their name, manufacturer, target group, function, and incorporated stimuli were contracted. The scientific literature identified 367 studies, of which 20 (describing 18 devices and 32 stimuli) were included. The competition analysis identified 66 devices incorporating 126 stimuli. After exclusion of duplicates, this resulted in 46 different types of devices incorporating 24 different types of stimuli. They were organized into 7 device categories (attachable to the head, huggable devices, handheld devices, eye masks, mouth-controlled devices, toys, and wearables) and 14 stimuli categories (perceptible vibrations, imperceptible vibrations, movement, temperature, pressure, texture, light or darkness, abstract visuals, concrete visuals, music, calming sounds, tones, voice guidance, and aromas). This review provides an overview of the different meditation and breathing devices for stress reduction. The current overview will inform a subsequent preference and effectiveness study of breathing devices that aims to gain more knowledge on the topic to increase device uptake and developmental success.