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Related Concept Videos

Applications of RC Circuits01:22

Applications of RC Circuits

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A relaxation oscillator is one of the applications of RC circuits. A neon lamp relaxation oscillator comprises a capacitor, a resistor, a voltage source, and a lamp. The lamp acts like an open circuit, with infinite resistance until the potential difference across the lamp reaches a specific voltage. At that voltage, the lamp acts like a short circuit with zero resistance, and the capacitor discharges through the lamp, thus producing light. Once the capacitor is fully discharged through the...
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An idealized LC circuit of zero resistance can oscillate without any source of emf by shifting the energy stored in the circuit between the electric and magnetic fields. In such an LC circuit, if the capacitor contains a charge q before the switch is closed, then all the energy of the circuit is initially stored in the electric field of the capacitor. This energy is given by
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Design Example: Underdamped Parallel RLC Circuit01:17

Design Example: Underdamped Parallel RLC Circuit

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Consider designing an oscillator circuit, a crucial component in various electronic devices and systems. The objective is to create an oscillator circuit with specific characteristics: a damped natural frequency of 4 kHz and a damping factor of 4 radians per second. To accomplish this, a parallel RLC circuit is employed, known for its ability to sustain oscillations at a resonant frequency. In this case, the damping factor is pivotal in achieving the desired performance.
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RLC Circuit as a Damped Oscillator01:30

RLC Circuit as a Damped Oscillator

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An RLC circuit combines a resistor, inductor, and capacitor, connected in a series or parallel combination.
Consider a series RLC circuit. Here, the presence of resistance in the circuit leads to energy loss due to joule heating in the resistance. Therefore, the total electromagnetic energy in the circuit is no longer constant and decreases with time. Since the magnitude of charge, current, and potential difference continuously decreases, their oscillations are said to be damped. This is...
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Voltage Doubler Circuit01:23

Voltage Doubler Circuit

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A voltage doubler circuit integrates two main components: a clamping section and a rectifier section. The clamping section consists of a capacitor (C1) and a diode (D1), whereas the rectifier section is equipped with another diode (D2) and capacitor (C2). This circuit produces an output voltage with twice the amplitude of the sinusoidal input voltage.
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Clamper Circuit01:14

Clamper Circuit

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A clamper circuit, also known as a DC restorer, represents a specialized variant of the rectifier circuit, notable for its method of taking the output across the diode rather than the capacitor. This configuration lends to several distinctive applications, particularly in handling square wave inputs.
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Application of voltage controlled crystal oscillators to DC voltage reference validation.

Matthew T Spidell1, Gaylon W Partain2, Alan G Jaffe1

  • 1National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, United States of America.

Engineering Research Express
|April 10, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Voltage to frequency conversion offers a novel method for validating DC voltage references, bypassing the need for recalibration. This technique uses a Voltage Controlled Oscillator to detect drift, proving effective for remote or inaccessible systems.

Keywords:
VC/OCXOVCXOvoltage metrologyvoltage reference driftvoltage reference validationzener diode

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Area of Science:

  • Electrical Engineering
  • Metrology
  • Instrumentation

Background:

  • DC voltage references often rely on Zener Diodes, prone to drift and requiring recalibration against primary standards.
  • Recalibration logistics are burdensome, especially for systems with constant power requirements or remote deployment.
  • Existing validation methods using local Zener Diodes suffer from correlated aging mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and evaluate a voltage-to-frequency (VFC) conversion technique for validating DC voltage reference drift.
  • To assess the feasibility of using a Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) for drift detection independent of correlated aging.
  • To determine the long-term stability and accuracy of VFC-based validation for precision instruments.

Main Methods:

  • Implemented a VFC system using a commercial Voltage Controlled Ovenized Crystal Oscillator (VCOXO).
  • Monitored oscillator stability over 258 days of continuous operation without accelerated aging.
  • Developed an aging model based on 2/3 of the data and validated it against the remaining data.

Main Results:

  • Long-term drift of the VCOXO was consistent with a power-law aging model.
  • Validation against sequestered data showed a model-to-data difference of 35 ppm (35 μV/V).
  • The VFC method demonstrated potential for supporting instruments in the 6.5-digit voltmeter class.

Conclusions:

  • Voltage-to-frequency conversion provides a viable, logistics-independent method for validating DC voltage reference drift.
  • VFC using a VCOXO offers a stable and accurate alternative to traditional recalibration methods.
  • This technique is particularly suitable for systems where primary standard access is impractical, ensuring reliable voltage reference integrity.