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An integrated approach to understanding negative math experiences.

Anita A Grabowska1, Richard J Daker2, Katie Ho2

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This study identifies four key factors of negative math experiences in adults: attitudes/avoidance, physiological responses, testing/education, and cognitive/emotional aspects. These findings offer a framework for understanding and addressing math-related difficulties.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Educational Psychology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Research on mathematics aptitude and achievement is extensive, yet understanding individual math experiences remains fragmented.
  • Existing literature identifies eight potential facets of math experiences: emotional, cognitive, physiological, behavioral, testing, classroom/social performance, self-efficacy, and attitudinal.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize self-reported math experiences, with a specific focus on negative math experiences.
  • To develop a unifying framework for understanding negative math experiences.

Main Methods:

  • A combined theoretical and data-driven approach was used.
  • A preliminary questionnaire of 107 items was developed, probing eight facets of math experiences.
  • Data were collected from 803 adult participants, with a focus on negatively framed statements.

Main Results:

  • Factor analysis of negative math experiences revealed four key factors: negative attitudes and avoidance, physiological experiences, testing and educational experiences, and cognitive and emotional experiences.
  • Identified factors suggest interdisciplinary connections, such as between negative attitudes and avoidance behaviors.
  • The importance of negative physiological experiences in mathematics is highlighted as a relatively unexplored topic.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a structured framework for understanding negative math experiences.
  • Short, internally reliable subscales for each of the four identified factors are presented.
  • This work offers theoretical and methodological contributions for future research on math experiences.