Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Harmonic Mean01:09

Harmonic Mean

3.1K
The arithmetic mean is usually skewed towards the larger values in the data set. Therefore, to avoid this inherent bias towards smaller values, the harmonic mean is used.
Take the example of the speed of a car, which is the measure of the rate of distance traveled. If the vehicle traverses the same distance back-and-forth, its average speed equals the total distance traveled divided by the total time taken. However, if the car moves with varying speeds, then the arithmetic mean is more skewed...
3.1K
Arithmetic Mean01:08

Arithmetic Mean

13.3K
The arithmetic mean is the most commonly used measure of the central tendency of a data set. It is defined as the sum of all the elements constituting the data set, divided by the total number of elements. It is sometimes loosely referred to as the “average.”
When all the values in a data set are not unique, the sum in the numerator can be calculated by multiplying each distinct value by its frequency.
Sometimes, the arithmetic mean of a sample can be affected by a few data points...
13.3K
Fast Fourier Transform01:10

Fast Fourier Transform

227
The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is a computational algorithm designed to compute the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) efficiently. By breaking down the calculations into smaller, manageable sections, the FFT significantly reduces the computational complexity involved. Direct computation of an N-point DFT requires N2 complex multiplications, whereas the FFT algorithm needs only (N/2)log⁡2N multiplications, offering a much faster performance.
The computational efficiency of the FFT becomes...
227
Flow Table Test01:12

Flow Table Test

99
The flow table test is an established method used to assess the workability of concrete, particularly useful for evaluating highly flowable concrete mixes. This test employs an apparatus that consists of a wooden board topped with a steel plate, collectively weighing 35 pounds. The board is connected to a base via a hinge and measures 27.6 inches on each side.
Concrete is placed within a truncated cone mold that is 8 inches high with an 8-inch base diameter and a 5-inch top diameter. The...
99
Measures of Intelligence01:29

Measures of Intelligence

5.5K
Psychologists measure intelligence by using standardized tests that produce a score known as the intelligence quotient or IQ. To understand IQ tests, it's important to recognize the key principles behind their construction: validity, reliability, and standardization.
Validity refers to how well a test measures what it claims to measure. An intelligence test should accurately assess intelligence rather than another characteristic, like anxiety. Criterion validity is one way to evaluate this;...
5.5K
Binet's Contribution to Measures of Intelligence01:23

Binet's Contribution to Measures of Intelligence

1.2K
Alfred Binet, along with his student Théophile Simon, was tasked by the French Ministry of Education in 1904 to create a method for identifying students who struggled to learn through conventional classroom instruction. This initiative aimed to address overcrowding by placing such students in specialized schools. Binet and Simon developed an intelligence test comprising 30 tasks, ranging from simple commands, like touching one's nose or ear, to more complex tasks, such as drawing...
1.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Assessing mathematics anxiety with the AMAS: Measurement invariance across four countries.

PloS one·2026
Same author

The bilingual math dilemma - Language switching costs in declarative and procedural arithmetic knowledge.

Cognition·2026
Same author

Experience-dependent cortical plasticity in response to formal schooling: Effects on networks for reading and mathematics.

Developmental cognitive neuroscience·2026
Same author

Theta burst stimulation prior to stress exposure alters amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations.

Biological psychology·2026
Same author

Hiring Discrimination in the Organisational Context: A Harmonized Factorial Survey Dataset from Four European Countries (Germany, Norway, Poland, Romania).

Scientific data·2026
Same author

Ace in the hole: playing cards show the role of order and magnitude in the SNARC effect.

Psychological research·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments
13:00

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments

Published on: January 23, 2017

Math4Speed: A freely available measure of arithmetic fluency.

Hannah D Loenneker1, Krzysztof Cipora2, Christina Artemenko1

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Tuebingen.

Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology = Revue Canadienne De Psychologie Experimentale
|April 10, 2025
PubMed
Summary

The Math4Speed (M4S) is a new, free tool measuring arithmetic fluency across four operations. It shows good reliability and validity, making it useful for research and comparisons.

More Related Videos

Universal Screening for Prevention of Reading, Writing, and Math Disabilities in Spanish
14:43

Universal Screening for Prevention of Reading, Writing, and Math Disabilities in Spanish

Published on: July 18, 2020

Multimedia Battery for Assessment of Cognitive and Basic Skills in Mathematics (BM-PROMA)
10:58

Multimedia Battery for Assessment of Cognitive and Basic Skills in Mathematics (BM-PROMA)

Published on: August 28, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments
13:00

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments

Published on: January 23, 2017

Universal Screening for Prevention of Reading, Writing, and Math Disabilities in Spanish
14:43

Universal Screening for Prevention of Reading, Writing, and Math Disabilities in Spanish

Published on: July 18, 2020

Multimedia Battery for Assessment of Cognitive and Basic Skills in Mathematics (BM-PROMA)
10:58

Multimedia Battery for Assessment of Cognitive and Basic Skills in Mathematics (BM-PROMA)

Published on: August 28, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Cognitive Science
  • Educational Measurement

Background:

  • Assessing arithmetic fluency is crucial for understanding mathematical cognition.
  • Existing measures may lack accessibility or broad applicability.
  • There is a need for a standardized, freely available tool for arithmetic skills.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and psychometrically evaluate the Math4Speed (M4S), a novel paper-and-pencil measure of arithmetic fluency.
  • To establish the reliability and validity of the M4S in a large, cross-cultural sample.
  • To provide a freely accessible resource for researchers studying mathematical abilities.

Main Methods:

  • Developed the Math4Speed (M4S), comprising 50 items each for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, with a 2-minute time limit per operation.
  • Collected data from 1,165 young adults (primarily university students) across six European countries.
  • Conducted psychometric evaluations, including reliability analyses and construct, convergent, and divergent validity assessments.

Main Results:

  • The Math4Speed (M4S) demonstrated satisfactory reliability and validity.
  • Construct validity was supported by strong correlations between inverse arithmetic operations.
  • Convergent and divergent validity were confirmed through differential associations with other cognitive measures.

Conclusions:

  • The Math4Speed (M4S) is a reliable and valid measure of arithmetic fluency, suitable for diverse research applications.
  • Its free availability and ease of use facilitate cross-study comparisons and broader research on mathematical skills.
  • Future research should aim to expand M4S data collection to more diverse and representative populations to enhance generalizability.