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Related Concept Videos

Types of RNA01:23

Types of RNA

Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA...
RNA Interference01:23

RNA Interference

RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
This process occurs naturally in cells, often through the activity of genomically-encoded microRNAs. Researchers can take advantage of this mechanism by introducing synthetic RNAs to deactivate specific genes for research or therapeutic purposes. For example, RNAi could be used...
Experimental RNAi02:15

Experimental RNAi

RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...
Types of RNA01:20

Types of RNA

Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA Performs Diverse...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Protocol for the Solid-phase Synthesis of Oligomers of RNA Containing a 2'-O-thiophenylmethyl Modification and Characterization via Circular Dichroism
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Protocol for the Solid-phase Synthesis of Oligomers of RNA Containing a 2'-O-thiophenylmethyl Modification and Characterization via Circular Dichroism

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Synthesis of Sensitive RNAs Using Fluoride-Cleavable Groups as Linkers and Amino-Group Protection.

Alexander Apostle1, Manoj Perera1, Daniel Middleton1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, and Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|April 10, 2025
PubMed
Summary

A new chemical method enables RNA synthesis with sensitive modifications like N4-acetylcytidine (ac4C). This breakthrough overcomes limitations in standard RNA synthesis, facilitating research in epitranscriptomics and therapeutics.

Keywords:
Protecting groupsRNASilaneSolid‐phase synthesisSynthetic methods

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Fluorescent End-Labeling and Encapsulation of Long RNAs for Single-Molecule FRET-TIRF Microscopy
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Area of Science:

  • Chemical synthesis
  • Molecular biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Standard RNA synthesis methods employ harsh basic and nucleophilic conditions.
  • These conditions degrade sensitive chemical modifications, limiting the scope of synthetic RNA.
  • Accessing modified RNAs is crucial for understanding epitranscriptomics and developing nucleic acid therapeutics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a chemical method for synthesizing RNAs with base- and nucleophile-sensitive modifications.
  • To enable the incorporation of various functional groups into RNA sequences at any position.
  • To overcome existing limitations in producing modified RNAs for research and therapeutic applications.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the 4-((t-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-2-methoxybutanoyl (SoM) group for protecting nucleobase exo-amino groups.
  • Employed the 4-((t-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-2-((aminophosphaneyl)oxy)butanoyl (SoA) group as a linker for solid-phase synthesis.
  • Achieved RNA cleavage and amino deprotection using fluoride, compatible with silyl protecting group removal.

Main Results:

  • Successfully synthesized and purified RNAs containing the N4-acetylcytidine (ac4C) modification.
  • Demonstrated the stability of the ac4C modification under fluoride deprotection conditions via MALDI MS analysis.
  • Confirmed the method's suitability for incorporating sensitive chemical groups into RNA.

Conclusions:

  • The developed chemical method provides a robust approach for synthesizing modified RNAs, including those with sensitive epitranscriptomic marks.
  • This method overcomes a significant obstacle in accessing diverse modified RNAs for biological and therapeutic research.
  • It is expected to advance fields such as epitranscriptomics, molecular biology, and nucleic acid therapeutics development.