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Related Concept Videos

Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity01:26

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Polymerization generates chiral centers along the entire backbone of a polymer chain. Accordingly, the stereochemistry of the substituent group has a significant effect on polymer properties. Polymers formed from monosubstituted alkene monomers feature chiral carbons at every alternate position in the polymer backbone. Relative to the predominant orientation of substituents at the adjacent chiral carbons, the polymer can exist in three different configurations: isotactic, syndiotactic, and...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers01:08

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers

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Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
As the step-growth polymerization involves step-wise condensation of monomers, the molecular weight also builds up eventually. Consequently, high molecular weight polymers are obtained at the late stages of the polymerization, where 99% of monomers have been consumed.
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Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

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Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Polymer Classification: Architecture01:14

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Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
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Synthesis of Programmable Main-chain Liquid-crystalline Elastomers Using a Two-stage Thiol-acrylate Reaction
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Alignment Patterning of Polymer Main Chain by Spatiotemporal Photopolymerization: A Strategy for Improved Thermal

Hirona Nakamura1,2, Takuto Ishiyama1,2, Manabu Sato1,2

  • 1Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Integrated Research, Institute of Science Tokyo, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
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PubMed
Summary

Scanning wave photopolymerization (SWaP) precisely aligns polymer chains and liquid crystals (LCs) at the microscale. This novel method enables 2D alignment, advancing functional material development through controlled molecular orientation.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Liquid Crystal Technology

Background:

  • Precise alignment of polymer main chains and liquid crystals (LCs) is crucial for high-performance functional coatings.
  • Conventional methods like mechanical stretching or flow fields offer limited 1D alignment control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential of scanning wave photopolymerization (SWaP) for microscale polymer main chain alignment control.
  • To explore SWaP's capability in achieving both 1D and 2D molecular alignment.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized spatiotemporal photopolymerization via scanning light to generate controlled flow fields (SWaP).
  • Investigated 1D light scanning for uniaxial alignment of polymer and LC molecules.
  • Employed light shape design to achieve 2D polymer main chain alignment at the microscale.

Main Results:

  • 1D light scanning successfully induced uniaxial alignment of polymer main chains and side-chain LC molecules.
  • The aligned coatings exhibited excellent thermal stability, with LC alignment recovery after thermal cycling.
  • Polymer main chain configuration was found to be dependent on the specific LC phase.
  • Achieved precise 2D polymer main chain alignment by designing the scanning light's shape.

Conclusions:

  • SWaP offers precise microscale control over polymer main chain alignment, surpassing limitations of conventional methods.
  • The technique demonstrates potential for developing advanced functional materials through tailored molecular orientation.
  • The study establishes SWaP as a foundational technology for molecular alignment control in materials science.