Scanning acoustic microscopy for biomechanical characterization of reindeer antler using singular spectral analysis

Scanning Acoustic Microscopy (SAM) has become a vital tool in materials science and biology, allowing for non-destructive and non-invasive analysis of biological specimens and bio-inspired materials. Its deep-penetrating imaging capabilities enable a broad range of applications. This study combines SAM with Singular Spectral Analysis (SSA) to enhance signal processing and extract key data, particularly acoustic impedance. Reindeer antlers, known for their rapid growth and unique mechanical properties, were chosen as a focus for this method. SAM was used to quantify the specific acoustic impedance, longitudinal stiffness, bulk modulus, and Young's modulus of the material at three orientations (0°, 45°, and 90°). This analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of the directional dependence of its structural behavior, highlighting its orthotropic nature. By analyzing cross-sections along three axes, this study reveals the orthotropic biomechanical properties of reindeer antlers, offering a systematic approach to characterizing biological materials. Their unique strength, resilience, and rapid growth highlight their potential as a sustainable and innovative biomaterial for bioengineering and advanced composites.