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Vision Training Methods for Sports Concussion Mitigation and Management

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Two-dimensional trial-by-trial error correction for accurate baseball pitching.

Ayane Kusafuka¹, Taishi Okegawa², Rintaro Yamamoto²

¹Department of Intermedia Art and Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan. ayanekusafuka@gmail.com.

Scientific Reports

|April 10, 2025

Summary

Skilled baseball pitchers use trial-by-trial error correction to improve accuracy by adjusting release angles. However, complex factors influence this motor skill

Keywords:

Error correction Motor control Release parameters Skilled player Variability

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Area of Science:

Motor control and biomechanics
Sports science and performance analysis
Human movement variability

Background:

Accurate high-speed throwing is a complex motor skill crucial in sports like baseball.
Reducing variability in release angle is key to consistent ball arrival position.
Human movement variability increases with speed, posing a challenge for precision.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate trial-by-trial error correction as a strategy for reducing release angle variability in skilled baseball pitchers.
To analyze how pitchers adjust their release angles in response to previous trial outcomes.
To explore the relationship between inherent movement variability and error correction strategies.

Main Methods:

Analysis of intertrial changes in elevation and azimuth release angles for 14 skilled baseball pitchers.
Application of transition probability analysis to examine error correction patterns.
Utilizing autocorrelation function for separate analysis of release angle variability.

Main Results:

Significant differences in error correction were observed based on the state and direction of the movement.
Friedman's test indicated a significant difference in rank means for state-to-state transition probabilities (χ²=25.79, df=15, p=0.04).
Pitchers with greater release angle variability demonstrated fewer horizontal error corrections.

Conclusions:

Trial-by-trial error correction is a viable strategy for decreasing variability in high-speed throwing.
The effectiveness of error correction is influenced by the specific movement state and direction.
Complex factors, particularly in horizontal adjustments, complicate the error correction process in skilled athletes.