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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)00:53

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)

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Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization or ADMET polymerization involves cross-metathesis of terminal dienes, such as 1,8-nonadiene, to give linear unsaturated polymer and ethylene. As ADMET is a reversible process, the formed ethylene gas must be removed from the reaction mixture to complete the polymerization process.
Similar to cross-metathesis, ADMET also involves the formation of metallacyclobutane intermediate by [2+2] cycloaddition of one of the double bonds of a terminal diene with...
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Characteristics and Nomenclature of Copolymers01:24

Characteristics and Nomenclature of Copolymers

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Copolymers are the products obtained from the polymerization of multiple monomer species. So, in a polymer chain itself, there can be multiple repeating units that come from different monomers. The process of synthesizing a polymer from different monomer species is called copolymerization. When two monomers are involved, the polymer is known as a bipolymer. Polymers with three and four monomers are termed terpolymers and quaterpolymers, respectively. Figure 1 depicts the copolymerization of...
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Enhancing the Electrostatic Potential To Develop High-Performance Polymer Donors via a Ternary Copolymerization

Xintong Shi1, Jiawei Huang1, Xiaoping Wang1

  • 1School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, 156 Ke Jia Avenue, Ganzhou 341000, P.R. China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|April 11, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Introducing a third component into polymer donors improves organic solar cell performance. This novel approach enhances molecular order and intermolecular interactions, leading to a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.40% in polymer solar cells.

Keywords:
electrostatic potentialintermolecular stackingperiodic sequence distributionternary copolymerization strategyterpolymer donors

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Organic Electronics
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Ternary copolymerization is a key strategy for optimizing polymer donor properties in organic photovoltaics.
  • However, this method often leads to molecular disorder and increased main-chain entropy in terpolymers.
  • Disrupted sequence distribution negatively impacts the performance of polymer solar cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop novel terpolymer donors by incorporating a third component with a large dipole moment.
  • To investigate the impact of this new unit on molecular order, miscibility, and photovoltaic properties.
  • To enhance the performance of organic solar cells through improved polymer design.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesized two terpolymer donors using ternary copolymerization, incorporating the electron-deficient BTP unit into the PM6 backbone.
  • Characterized the resulting terpolymers for crystallinity, electrostatic potential, miscibility, and molecular packing.
  • Fabricated and tested organic solar cells (OSCs) using the developed terpolymer donors.

Main Results:

  • The incorporation of the BTP unit significantly enhanced terpolymer crystallinity and electrostatic potential.
  • The new terpolymers exhibited improved miscibility and more ordered molecular packing compared to PM6.
  • A maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.40% was achieved for the PY5:L8-BO-based device.

Conclusions:

  • Introducing a third component with a large dipole moment effectively restrains main-chain disorder in terpolymer donors.
  • Enhanced intermolecular interactions between polymer donors and acceptors contribute to improved device performance.
  • This strategy offers a novel pathway for developing high-performance terpolymer donors for organic photovoltaics.