Biotechnology-assisted cancer therapy using metal sulfides based on their optical and thermophysical properties

Two-dimensional transition metal sulfides (2D-TMSs) have received considerable attention in recent years owing to their exceptional features and diverse applications. Two-dimensional nanostructures of transition metal sulfides exhibit highly anisotropic properties, excellent mechanical strength, biocompatibility, a large surface area, and the ability to enhance functionality through surface modification methods. These features make them an ideal and attractive material for developing multifunctional platforms. In this review, we provide a comprehensive introduction to various configurations of nanostructures based on 2D-TMSs, including their modified structures such as vacancies and nanoflowers, as well as their composites, which encompass doped structures, alloyed structures, particles/dots on sheets, 2D-TMS-based heterojunctions, and core-shell nanostructures. This chemistry and configuration of 2D-TMSs have captured the attention of many researchers, driving them to delve into the diverse applications of these materials in the biomedical field, especially in drug delivery, photothermal therapy, sonodynamic therapy, and ferroptosis. Finally, the review summarizes the opportunities, challenges, and prospects of 2D-TMSs, emphasizing their crucial role in shaping the future of technology, medicine, and cancer therapy. The distinctive properties of 2D-TMSs make them promising contenders for various applications, and their continued exploration holds tremendous potential for scientific and technological progress.