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Rate-programmed drug delivery systems release drugs in a controlled manner to maintain therapeutic levels. Three main designs include reservoir, matrix, and hybrid systems.Reservoir systems consist of a drug core enclosed within a membrane that controls drug release. In non-swelling reservoir systems, polymers like ethyl cellulose or polymethacrylates are used. These do not hydrate in aqueous media and control release through membrane thickness, porosity, or insolubility. This type includes...
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Modified-release drug delivery systems improve drug efficacy and minimize side effects by controlling the rate and location of drug release. These systems fall into three categories: rate-programmed, stimuli-activated, and site-targeted.Rate-programmed systems release drugs at a predetermined rate, maintaining consistent therapeutic levels and reducing fluctuations that could lead to toxicity or subtherapeutic effects. These systems use polymeric matrices, reservoir-based designs, or osmotic...
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Rate-programmed drug delivery systems (DDS) are designed to release drugs at specific, controlled rates to maintain consistent therapeutic levels. These systems are categorized based on their release mechanisms, including dissolution-controlled DDS, diffusion-controlled DDS, and combined dissolution-diffusion-controlled DDS.In dissolution-controlled DDS, the release rate depends on the slow dissolution of the drug itself or the surrounding matrix. Drugs with inherently slow dissolution rates,...
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Stimuli-activated drug delivery systems are designed to release drugs in response to specific physical, chemical, or biological stimuli. These systems often utilize hydrogels—three-dimensional, hydrophilic polymer networks capable of swelling in aqueous environments and retaining significant fluid volumes. Upon exposure to particular stimuli, these hydrogels undergo structural transitions that allow the embedded drug to be released. Due to this adaptive behavior, such systems are also...
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Accelerated Mechanophore Activation and Drug Release in Network Core-Structured Star Polymers Using High-Intensity

Jilin Fan1,2, Mingjun Xuan1,2,3, Kuan Zhang1,2,3

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High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) activates polymer mechanochemistry similarly to lower frequencies, enabling efficient drug release. This advancement holds promise for sonopharmacology applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Ultrasound (US) activation of mechanophores in polymers is key for polymer mechanochemistry.
  • Conventional 20 kHz US causes inertial cavitation, limiting biomedical uses.
  • Network core-structured star polymers (NCSPs) offer a platform for mechanochemical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate 1.5 MHz high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) for activating disulfide mechanophores in NCSPs.
  • To compare HIFU activation efficiency with conventional 20 kHz US.
  • To demonstrate HIFU-mediated drug release from NCSPs for sonopharmacology.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized 20 kHz US and 1.5 MHz HIFU to irradiate NCSPs with disulfide mechanophores.
  • Employed 'turn on' sensor molecules (Michael addition, retro Diels-Alder) to quantify mechanophore activation.
  • Covalently loaded the anticancer drug doxorubicin (Dox) into NCSPs for release studies.
  • Performed in vitro studies to assess drug release kinetics.

Main Results:

  • 1.5 MHz HIFU demonstrated comparable efficiency to 20 kHz US in activating disulfide mechanophores in NCSPs.
  • Mechanochemical polymer chain scission was observed.
  • Efficient release of doxorubicin (Dox) from NCSPs was achieved using 1.5 MHz HIFU.
  • In vitro drug release studies confirmed the potential of this approach.

Conclusions:

  • 1.5 MHz HIFU is an effective alternative to 20 kHz US for polymer mechanochemistry.
  • HIFU-activated polymer mechanochemistry shows significant potential for sonopharmacology.
  • This technique enables controlled drug delivery applications in biomedical fields.