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Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl...
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The vascular phase, also known as vasospasm, is the initial stage of hemostasis, crucial for preventing excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is injured. After a vessel is cut, nerves in the damaged area trigger pain and other sensory impulses. Simultaneously, the smooth muscles in the vessel wall contract, resulting in a vascular spasm. This contraction reduces the vessel's diameter at the injury site, slowing or stopping blood loss through the vessel wall. Vascular spasms typically last...
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Changes in vascular identity during vascular remodeling.

Yukihiko Aoyagi1,2, Andrew W Schwartz1,3, Zhuo Li1,4

  • 1Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.

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Vascular identity changes drive vessel remodeling in health and disease. Understanding these molecular changes offers new therapeutic targets for vascular diseases and interventions.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Molecular Medicine

Background:

  • Vascular remodeling involves changes in vessel structure and function, dictated by molecular markers defining cell identity.
  • Arterial, venous, and lymphatic vessels are distinguished by specific molecular markers like Ephrin-B2, Notch, EphB4, COUP-TFII, and Prox1.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of molecular markers in determining and altering vascular identity.
  • To explore how changes in vascular identity contribute to physiological and pathological remodeling.
  • To examine the implications of vascular identity changes in disease and surgical interventions.

Main Methods:

  • This study is a comprehensive review of existing experimental literature on vascular identity and remodeling.

Main Results:

  • Molecular markers establish vascular identity during development and can be altered by hemodynamic changes in adulthood.
  • Changes in identity markers correlate with altered cell phenotype and disease, playing a role in vascular remodeling.
  • Vascular diseases (e.g., arteriovenous malformations, pulmonary hypertension) and surgical interventions (e.g., AVF, vein grafts, patch angioplasty) involve significant shifts in vascular identity.

Conclusions:

  • Alterations in vascular identity are key drivers of vascular remodeling across physiological and pathological conditions.
  • Understanding the molecular regulation of vascular identity provides insights into disease mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies.