Suicide in later life: the role of frailty and depression

Depression and physical illnesses have long been recognized as risk factors for suicidal behaviour in late life. Qualitative studies have previously identified frailty as being an issue in late life suicidal behaviour, but quantitative studies have been lacking. Establishing the role frailty plays in suicidal behaviour in late life has implications for suicide prevention.

Depression and frailty are closely linked in late life, with genetic and social factors suggesting bidirectional causality. Frailty is associated with an increased risk of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts that is likely enhanced by chronicity, depression, and social factors, such as living and eating alone. In contrast, suicide is associated with lower levels of frailty.

Suicide rates peak in late life with depression a consistently identified risk factor along with numerous diverse factors that include physical health and social issues. In investigating the relationship between physical health and suicidal behaviour, frailty has been neglected until recently. Interventions that reduce or prevent frailty and associated depression, such as physical training and nutritional management interventions, might have a role in preventing suicidal behaviour. Further research is required to elucidate the different associations reported between frailty and suicidal ideation/attempts and frailty and suicide.