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Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Correlating Behavioral Responses to fMRI Signals from Human Prefrontal Cortex: Examining Cognitive Processes Using Task Analysis
Published on: June 20, 2012
Commentary to "Task activation results in regional 13C-lactate signal increase in the human brain"
Fahmeed Hyder1,2,3,4
1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
Abstract:
Metabolism is fundamental to functional brain imaging. While functional MRI (fMRI) has greatly benefited neuroscience, 13C-MRS measures coupling between neuroenergetics and neurotransmission. However, a hyperpolarized 13C-MRI study in human brain shows increased 13C-lactate (i.e., cytosolic aerobic glycolysis) with no 13C-bicarbonate change (i.e., mitochondrial oxidation) within fMRI-defined activated areas. We discuss (dis)advantages of hyperpolarized vs. non-hyperpolarized 13C experiments and metabolic implications regarding the lactate increase: Is lactate a fuel for oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, or neurons? Is lactate a neuromodulator or a vasomodulator? Is lactate a byproduct of astrocytic glycogenolysis? Caveats aside, there is great enthusiasm for hyperpolarized 13C-fMRI.
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