The application of the pyramidal training model for conditioning thoroughbred horses

The purpose of this review was to analyze the scientific background and practical application of a very successful human training methodology, the pyramidal training model, to the Thoroughbred racehorse. Despite years of research and accumulated knowledge on human training methods to enhance endurance performance, Thoroughbred training programs have lacked significant change. This review introduces the pyramidal training model, explains the science that underpins this training concept and outlines one approach to translate this science into the equine field. It also discusses the importance of training load and provides insight into the monitoring of the load and psychophysiological stress level of the horse during training. The use of heart rate and blood lactate responses to exercise is encouraged to guide exercise training sessions. These responses are the best indices of internal load, and the most accurate measure of effort in horses. Applying this information can help provide the desired training stimulus and overall training workload to maximize endurance performance.