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Beyond Cholesterol: Emerging Risk Factors in Atherosclerosis
Makhabbat Bekbossynova1, Timur Saliev2, Tatyana Ivanova-Razumova1
1Heart Center, Corporate Fund University Medical Center, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan.
Journal of Clinical Medicine
|April 12, 2025
Summary
Atherosclerosis risk extends beyond cholesterol. Chronic inflammation, gut microbes, oxidative stress, and environmental factors are key contributors to cardiovascular disease, requiring new prevention strategies.
Area of Science:
- Cardiovascular Science
- Pathophysiology
- Public Health
Background:
- Atherosclerosis is a primary cause of global cardiovascular mortality.
- Elevated LDL-C is a traditional risk factor, but residual risk persists despite lipid-lowering therapies.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review emerging risk factors for atherosclerosis beyond cholesterol.
- To highlight the roles of inflammation, gut microbiota, oxidative stress, and environmental exposures.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of current research on atherosclerosis pathogenesis.
- Analysis of the impact of non-lipid risk factors on cardiovascular disease.
Main Results:
- Chronic inflammation (CRP, IL-6, TNF-α) significantly contributes to atherogenesis.
- Gut microbiota metabolites (TMAO, SCFAs) influence vascular inflammation and plaque stability.
- Oxidative stress (ROS) and environmental factors (pollution, stress) exacerbate endothelial dysfunction and disease progression.
Conclusions:
- Novel risk factors like inflammation, gut microbiome, oxidative stress, and environmental exposures are crucial for understanding atherosclerosis.
- Identifying these factors opens new therapeutic and preventive strategies for cardiovascular disease.
Keywords:
atherosclerosiscardiovascular riskenvironmental exposuresgut microbiotainflammationlipid metabolismoxidative stressMore Related Videos
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