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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Protein Metabolism01:21

Overview of Protein Metabolism

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Proteins are broken down into amino acids during digestion. Unlike fats and carbohydrates, which are stored for later use, proteins are not. Instead, amino acids are either used to produce ATP through oxidation or contribute to the creation of new proteins for the growth and repair of the body. Any surplus amino acids from the diet are converted into glucose or triglycerides rather than excreted.
Amino acids play various roles in the body once they are absorbed into cells. They are restructured...
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Various diagnostic tests are employed in the diagnostic process for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), particularly to differentiate between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
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Protein digestion begins in the stomach, where the highly acidic environment can easily disrupt protein structure by exposing the peptide bonds of polypeptide chains. After polypeptide chains are broken into individual amino acids by a series of digestive enzymes, the amino acids are transported to the liver via the bloodstream to produce energy.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2025

Effect of Hyaluronic Acid 35 kDa on an In Vitro Model of Preterm Small Intestinal Injury and Healing Using Enteroid-Derived Monolayers
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Neonatal Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis: Current Insights and Knowledge Gaps.

Enza D'Auria1,2, Cristina Ferrigno1, Stefano Pellicani3

  • 1Allergy Unit-Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children's Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy.

Journal of Clinical Medicine
|April 12, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neonatal Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome (N-FPIES) is poorly understood, presenting unique challenges in diagnosis and pathophysiology compared to childhood FPIES. Further research and refined diagnostic criteria are crucial for effective management in newborns.

Keywords:
FPIESFood Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndromeallergic enterocolitiselimination dietfood allergyneonatal allergyvomiting

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Gastroenterology
  • Neonatology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome (FPIES) is well-defined in children, but neonatal FPIES (N-FPIES) remains poorly understood.
  • N-FPIES exhibits distinct pathophysiology, including a prevalent TH2 response, and specific clinical features complicating diagnosis.
  • Genetic, environmental, and microbiota factors are implicated in N-FPIES development, potentially affecting gut barrier function and immune regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of neonatal FPIES (N-FPIES).
  • To highlight challenges in N-FPIES pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis.
  • To discuss current and needed treatment strategies for N-FPIES.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of N-FPIES.
  • Analysis of recent evidence regarding microbiota signatures, immune responses, and genetic/environmental risk factors.
  • Comparison of N-FPIES clinical features with established FPIES criteria and other neonatal conditions like NEC.

Main Results:

  • N-FPIES pathophysiology involves a TH2 response, gut barrier dysfunction, altered T-regulatory cells, and abnormal serotonin production.
  • Clinical presentation in neonates may not meet current FPIES diagnostic criteria, mimicking other neonatal conditions, especially necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC).
  • Current diagnostic criteria may be insufficient for N-FPIES, necessitating differentiation from surgical neonatal emergencies.

Conclusions:

  • Refining diagnostic criteria for N-FPIES is a clinical priority to aid physicians.
  • Improved understanding of N-FPIES pathophysiology and clinical presentation is essential.
  • Larger clinical trials are required to optimize treatment strategies for N-FPIES in term and preterm newborns.