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The first successfully cloned mammal was Dolly, a sheep, born on 5th July 1996 at Roslin Institute, Scotland. The cloned sheep was named after the American singer Dolly Parton. Dolly lived for seven years and died of respiratory complications, which is speculated to be due to the actual age of her DNA. Because the DNA in cloned cells belongs to an older individual,  the cloned individual’s life expectancy may be affected. Indeed, analysis of Dolly’s DNA revealed shorter...
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Milk Collection Methods for Mice and Reeves' Muntjac Deer
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Current and Emerging Advanced Techniques for Breeding Donkeys and Mules.

Andrés Gambini1,2, Joanne M Smith2, Rhiannon J Gurkin1

  • 1School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia.

Animals : an Open Access Journal From MDPI
|April 12, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) offer solutions for donkey and mule breeding challenges. Advances in in vitro techniques like embryo production and gamete conservation are crucial for improving genetic management and reproductive success in these equids.

Keywords:
ICSIOPUcloningembryo transferoocytesperm

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Science
  • Animal Reproduction
  • Equine Genetics

Background:

  • Donkeys and mules are vital in agriculture, conservation, and emerging industries.
  • Reproductive challenges hinder efficient breeding management in these equids.
  • Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) present a promising avenue for overcoming these hurdles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current and emerging in vitro techniques for donkey and mule breeding.
  • To highlight the importance of ARTs in optimizing reproductive outcomes.
  • To identify areas for improvement in gamete conservation and embryo transfer protocols.

Main Methods:

  • Sperm cryopreservation and preservation technologies
  • Embryo transfer, ovum pick-up (OPU), and oocyte maturation
  • In vitro fertilization (IVF), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)

Main Results:

  • Successful production of the first donkey and mule blastocysts and foals using SCNT.
  • Significant progress in various in vitro techniques over the past decade.
  • Identification of the need for standardized protocols for gamete conservation and embryo transfer.

Conclusions:

  • Advancing in vitro embryo production and gamete conservation technologies is essential for long-eared equids.
  • Standardization of protocols will enhance reproductive efficiency and genetic management.
  • ARTs hold significant potential for improving donkey and mule populations.