Methods of Observing the Signs of Approaching Calving in Cows-A Review

Calving is a crucial event in dairy production, and predicting its exact date is challenging due to variable gestation lengths and environmental factors. Failure to recognize signs of impending calving can lead to dystocia, increased calf mortality, veterinary costs, and economic losses. This review discusses both invasive and non-invasive methods for monitoring calving signs. Invasive methods, such as temperature loggers, intra-vaginal GSM devices, and blood progesterone tests, provide direct physiological data but can cause stress to the animals. Non-invasive approaches, including the use of sensors on limbs, necks, or tails, as well as video monitoring systems, offer less intrusive alternatives, improving cow comfort. Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning have enhanced the predictive accuracy of these methods, enabling better management of the calving process.