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Related Concept Videos

Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects01:17

Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects

559
In an NMR sample, precise measurement of the absolute absorption frequencies of nuclei is difficult. A standard internal reference compound is added, and the frequency difference between the reference signal and sample signals is measured.
The internal reference compound generally used in NMR spectroscopy is tetramethylsilane (TMS). TMS is preferred because it is chemically inert, soluble in NMR solvents, and easily removable. Also, the highly shielded methyl protons in TMS yield an intense...
559

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2025

Automated Radiochemical Synthesis of [18F]3F4AP: A Novel PET Tracer for Imaging Demyelinating Diseases
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Radiometric field inter-comparison of fiducial reference measurements using an open source community processor.

Gavin H Tilstone, Thomas M Jordan, Dirk Aurin

    Optics Express
    |April 12, 2025
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study compared above-water radiometer systems for ocean color validation. Using sensor-specific data with the HyperCP processor significantly reduced uncertainties, improving data quality for satellite oceanography.

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    Area of Science:

    • Oceanography
    • Remote Sensing
    • Radiometry

    Background:

    • Accurate radiometric measurements are crucial for satellite ocean color validation.
    • Intercomparison of different radiometer systems is necessary to assess data consistency and accuracy.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To assess differences in accuracy among above-water radiometer systems (Sea-Bird HyperSAS, pySAS, TriOS-RAMSES).
    • To evaluate the performance of the open-source HyperCP processor for radiometric data.
    • To compare results with AERONET-OC SeaPRiSM and in-water HyperPro II systems.

    Main Methods:

    • A radiometric field intercomparison was conducted at the Acqua Alta Oceanographic Tower (AAOT).
    • Data were processed using the HyperCP processor, considering both class-based and sensor-specific characteristics.
    • Quantities E(λ), L(λ), L(λ), and R(λ) were determined, along with their uncertainties.

    Main Results:

    • Using sensor-specific characteristics with HyperCP yielded differences of ~2% for E(λ), L(λ), L(λ), and 2.5% for R(λ).
    • Uncertainties were lower with sensor-specific characteristics (1.5%–5%) compared to class-based.
    • Comparisons with SeaPRiSM showed <5% differences in blue/green bands; HyperPro II comparisons improved with specific NIR corrections.

    Conclusions:

    • The HyperCP processor, utilizing sensor-specific characteristics, is highly recommended for radiometric measurements.
    • This approach minimizes uncertainties and enhances data quality for satellite ocean color validation.
    • Accurate above-water radiometric data are essential for reliable oceanographic research and monitoring.