Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 14, 2025
Rating L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesias in the Unilaterally 6-OHDA-Lesioned Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease
Published on: October 4, 2021
Cholinergic System Changes in Dopa-Unresponsive Freezing of Gait in Parkinson's Disease
Kelvin L Chou1,2,3, Prabesh Kanel2,3,4,5, Miriam van Emde Boas2,3,4
1Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Background:
Freezing of gait (FoG) is a debilitating mobility disturbance that becomes increasingly resistant to dopaminergic pharmacotherapies with advancing Parkinson's disease (PD). The pathophysiology underlying the response of FoG to dopaminergic treatment is poorly understood. Prior vesicular acetylcholine transporter positron emission tomography (VAChT PET) imaging studies implicate the degeneration of cholinergic pathways, including bilateral striatal and limbic archicortex deficits, as significant contributors to FoG.
Objective:
We aim to investigate whether specific cholinergic system changes are associated with FoG responsiveness to levodopa treatment in PD patients.
Methods:
Thirty six PD subjects (31M/5F) completed [18F]-fluoroethoxybenzovesamicol ([18F]FEOBV) vesicular acetylcholine transporter positron emission tomography (VAChT PET) and underwent videotaped clinical assessments for FoG on and off levodopa.
Results:
Sixteen subjects had l-dopa-unresponsive FoG. Whole brain voxel-based analyses of [18F]FEOBV PET (false discovery rate-corrected at P < 0.05 and adjusted for levodopa-equivalent dose) showed that those with l-dopa-unresponsive FoG had more severe cholinergic terminal deficits in the bilateral insula, hippocampi, fimbria, and lateral geniculate nuclei; left mid-temporal, putamen, and posterior cingulate regions; and the right mid-frontal region and anterior ventral nucleus of the thalamus compared to those with l-dopa-responsive FoG.
Conclusion:
FoG unresponsive to levodopa is associated with bilateral cholinergic terminal reductions, mostly in extra-striatal regions involved in multisensory and cognitive integration of gait and postural control as well as spatial navigation. The lack of specific striatal involvement points to the disruption of widespread cerebral network functions underlying l-dopa-unresponsive FoG in PD and may explain the treatment-resistant nature of FoG to levodopa. © 2025 The Author(s). Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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