Non-ionizing (UV and MW)-assisted synthesis of polymeric hydrogels for advanced tissue engineering applications

Significant efforts are underway to develop next-generation biomaterials through clean processes, accelerating the transition from innovative materials to tissue engineering (TE) applications and providing new alternatives for complex tissue repair. A crucial aspect of TE is selecting appropriate matrix materials with optimal physical and bioactive properties for scaffold development. For this purpose, polymers have repeatedly proven effective in creating suitable structures for successful TE applications. In this respect, ultraviolet (UV) and microwave (MW)-assisted synthesis has emerged as promising approaches in TE, offering improved material properties and reduced processing times. UV-assisted synthesis provides advantages, such as rapid gelation, customizable characteristics, and compatibility with various biological materials. MW-assisted synthesis accelerates chemical reactions through localized heating, elimination of side reaction products, and enhanced molecular interactions, enabling rapid fabrication of biocompatible materials such as hydrogels, ceramics, and composites. This review explores the effect of UV and MW-assisted synthesis on polymeric hydrogels for advancing novel materials in TE. The paper outlines the advantages of each technique, including technical specifications of reaction synthesis and recent advancements in UV and MW equipment developments. Additionally, each technique is carefully stated, highlighting hydrogels with enhanced biocompatibility through biological testing, and enhanced efficacy in regenerating soft and hard tissues.