Multiple radiations and its effect on biological system - a review on in vitro and in vivo mechanisms

We are exposed to different types of radiation from natural sources or for biomedical diagnostic and therapeutic purposes at different doses or times. The dose, duration, and number of exposures can cause multiple effects both in vivo and in vitro. Several researchers have explored the effects of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation in cell lines and animal models. Macromolecules, such as DNA, RNA, and proteins, are the primary targets of damage and can lead to several diseases, including cancer and even cell death. Chronic low-dose exposure of cells to radiation can cause alterations in gene expression and can be deleterious to the fate of the cells. We aim to discuss the implications of multiple radiations on different biological systems, including how nanotechnology can facilitate the effects of radiation in therapeutics.

In this review, we discuss the in vitro and in vivo changes that occur due to exposure to different types of radiation used in diagnosis, therapeutics, and other means, such as radiation equipment operators and patients being exposed. The effects of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation have been discussed separately. We have also mentioned in detail about the human-caused accidents of Hiroshima and Chernobyl in this article. The application of nanotechnology in facilitating the effects of radiation in the therapy and management of radioresistance of cells has also been discussed. The radio resistance and method to improve the radiosensitivity have also been mentioned. This review article can reflect the recent developments in the various uses of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation in biomedical field and will open up new avenues to utilize radiation in a more prudent way. The role of nanotechnology in reducing the harmful effects of radiation is also discussed.