Hormonal influence on osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a global health issue that weakens bones and increases the risk of fractures, particularly in postmenopausal women and older adults. This review explores the influence of hormones on osteoporosis, with a focus on estrogen, glucocorticoids, vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and thyroid hormones. Scientific evidence is analyzed to highlight hormonal mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, and their effects on bone health. The review examines hormonal therapies, including selective estrogen receptor modulators, and discusses the impact of glucocorticoids, essential for managing inflammation but known to significantly increase bone porosity. It underscores the importance of minimizing glucocorticoid use and implementing preventive measures such as calcium and vitamin D supplementation. Additionally, the review addresses the consequences of vitamin D deficiency, which disrupts calcium and phosphate metabolism, contributing to bone fragility. It also explores the regulatory roles of parathyroid and thyroid hormones in bone remodeling and calcium balance, with a Focus on their therapeutic applications in osteoporosis management. This review emphasizes the complex interplay between hormonal, genetic, and environmental factors, advocating for holistic and personalized treatment approaches. Future research should aim to bridge existing knowledge gaps regarding hormone-environment interactions and assess the long-term efficacy of therapies to optimize osteoporosis prevention and treatment strategies.