UBE2N modulates osteoclast differentiation via BTK-PLCγ2-Ca²⁺ signaling pathway to promote osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a prevalent public health issue and the underlying mechanism is an imbalance in bone remodeling. Excessive bone resorption caused by upregulation of osteoclast activity is a key factor in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Studies have shown that RNA binding protein (RBP) may play an important role in mechanism of OP through interaction with RNA. It has been reported that ubiquitin conjugating enzyme 2 N (UBE2N), as an RBP, is highly expressed in the clinical samples of osteoporotic patients. However, the role and mechanism of action of UBE2N in the regulation of osteoclast differentiation remain unclear. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects and mechanisms of UBE2N in promoting osteoclastogenesis. In this study, we demonstrated that UBE2N is notably elevated in patients with osteoporosis. Furthermore, our findings revealed that the interference of UBE2N significantly improves osteoporosis of mice, and impedes osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption both in vitro and in vivo. To investigate the molecular mechanisms by which UBE2N influences osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption, we employed RNA sequencing to investigate its downstream related molecules and established that UBE2N regulated the expression of bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK). More importantly, we found that UBE2N may affect osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption by enhancing the expression of the p-BTK gene, which activates the phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2)-Ca²⁺ signaling pathway. Based on these findings, our study highlights the potential of UBE2N as a promising therapeutic target for osteoporosis.