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Nanoplastics are taken up by intestinal cells, accumulating in lysosomes and mitochondria. Exocytosis occurs via the lysosomal pathway, influenced by cellular organelles and medium composition.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Toxicology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Nanoplastics pose a potential health risk due to gastrointestinal absorption.
  • Understanding nanoplastic fate within intestinal cells, especially exocytosis, is crucial but poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the uptake, distribution, and exocytosis mechanisms of nanoplastics in intestinal Caco-2 cells.
  • To elucidate the role of cellular organelles and pathways in nanoplastic processing and elimination.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized 70 nm red fluorescent polystyrene (R70PS) nanoplastics as a model substance.
  • Incubated Caco-2 cells with R70PS over various time points (4, 12, 24, 72 hours).
  • Analyzed nanoplastic uptake, intracellular distribution, and exocytosis pathways using microscopy and cell-based assays.

Main Results:

  • R70PS uptake increased over 72 hours, with peak intracellular content around 24 hours.
  • Uptake mechanisms shifted from energy-independent and dependent pathways to primarily energy-dependent endocytosis (caveolae, macropinocytosis, clathrin-mediated).
  • Nanoplastics accumulated in lysosomes and mitochondria, with significant clearance (45% in 12h) via the lysosomal pathway; exocytosis was linked to autophagy, mitochondria, and lysosomes, and inhibited by serum.

Conclusions:

  • Nanoplastic uptake and intracellular processing in intestinal cells are dynamic and time-dependent.
  • Lysosomal and autophagic pathways play key roles in nanoplastic exocytosis from intestinal cells.
  • Findings provide critical insights into nanoplastic-intestinal cell interactions for risk assessment.