HPV vaccines - A game changer for preventing HPV-related cancers

Human papillomaviruses (HPV) cause almost all cervical cancer cases globally, with the high-risk genotypes 16/18 causing at least 70 % of cancers, of which most cases occur in low-to-middle-income countries. Prophylactic vaccination plays a major role in the prevention of cervical cancer, which could effectively prevent the incidence of HPV infection. The L1 protein, which, when assembled into virus-like particles, induces HPV-type-specific neutralizing antibodies, which form the basis of all currently licensed HPV vaccines. There are six approved prophylactic HPV vaccines. All these vaccines are designed to prevent HPV 16 and 18-associated cervical precancers, thereby preventing approximately 70 % of the cancers. This review looks at the current HPV prophylactic vaccines, their mechanism of action, vaccination schedules, and the cost of different vaccines.