Challenges and Advances in Peripheral Nerve Tissue Engineering Critical Factors Affecting Nerve Regeneration

Peripheral neuropathy is painful and can cause a considerable decline in quality of life. Surgery and autograft are the current approaches and clinical standards for restoring function after nerve damage. However, they usually result in unacceptable clinical results, so we need modern peripheral nerve defect treatment approaches. Tissue engineering techniques have been developed as a promising approach, but there are some considerations for translational application. Clinical application of novel tissue engineering methods is related to combining the appropriate cell and scaffold type to introduce safe and efficient bioscaffolds. Efficient nerve regeneration occurs by mimicking the extracellular matrix and combining topographical, biochemical, mechanical, and conductive signs via different cells, biomolecules, and polymers. In brief, ideal engineered biomaterial scaffolds will have to cover all characteristics of nerve tissue, such as nerve number, myelin, and axon thickness. Nerve regeneration has a highly sensitive response to its surrounding microenvironment. For designing a suitable construct, matching the regenerative potential of the autograft as the golden standard is essential. This review article examines the newest advancements in peripheral nerve tissue engineering. Specifically, the discussion will focus on incorporating innovative cues, biological modification, biomaterials, techniques, and concepts in this area of research.