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Related Concept Videos

Antimicrobial Proteins01:23

Antimicrobial Proteins

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Antimicrobial proteins are important components of the immune system. They aid the body in combating pathogens by either killing them directly or hindering their replication processes. Four main types of antimicrobial substances are interferons, the complement system, iron-binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins.
Interferons
Interferons (IFNs) are proteins produced by lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts infected with viruses. While IFNs cannot prevent viruses from entering and...
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Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

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The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2025

Using the Overlay Assay to Qualitatively Measure Bacterial Production of and Sensitivity to Pneumococcal Bacteriocins
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PMAP-37: A versatile cathelicidin for neutralizing bacteria and viruses.

Fatemeh Pashaie1, Naomi Benne1, Philippa I P Holzapfel2

  • 1Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Division Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL, Utrecht, the Netherlands.

Microbial Pathogenesis
|April 14, 2025
PubMed
Summary

The antimicrobial peptide PMAP-37 effectively targets bacteria and viruses, including porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. This peptide disrupts bacterial membranes and modulates immune responses, showing therapeutic potential for the swine industry.

Keywords:
Antibacterial activityAntiviral activityCathelicidinEndotoxinPMAP-37Porcine antimicrobial peptides

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Immunology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are crucial for innate immunity, exhibiting direct pathogen-killing and immune-modulating effects.
  • Pigs possess eleven cathelicidins, with PMAP-37 being less explored than other variants.
  • Understanding PMAP-37's broad-spectrum activity is vital for developing novel veterinary therapeutics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the antimicrobial and antiviral efficacy of the pig cathelicidin PMAP-37.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms underlying PMAP-37's activity against bacteria and its interaction with immune cells.
  • To assess PMAP-37's potential as a therapeutic agent in the pig industry.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro antimicrobial assays determined minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
  • Bacterial membrane integrity was assessed using time-kill assays and membrane permeabilization studies.
  • Macrophage nitric oxide production, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding, and zeta potential were analyzed via flow cytometry and zeta potential measurements.
  • Antiviral activity was evaluated against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV).

Main Results:

  • PMAP-37 demonstrated potent bactericidal activity against Bacillus globigii (2.5 μM) and Escherichia coli (5 μM).
  • The peptide rapidly permeabilized E. coli membranes within 5 minutes and neutralized nitric oxide production in macrophages.
  • PMAP-37 inhibited LPS binding to macrophages and neutralized negative charges on bacterial membranes and LPS.
  • Significant antiviral effects were observed against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV).

Conclusions:

  • PMAP-37 exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial and antiviral properties, targeting key swine pathogens.
  • Its mechanisms involve direct membrane disruption and modulation of innate immune responses.
  • PMAP-37 presents a promising candidate for therapeutic development in veterinary medicine, particularly for the pig industry.