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A comparative study to assess synchronisation methods for combined simultaneous EEG and TMS acquisition.

Isabela M Miziara1,2, Nicholas Fallon3,4, Andrew Marshall5,4,6

  • 1Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK. i.miziara@liverpool.ac.uk.

Scientific Reports
|April 14, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study evaluated three TMS-EEG synchronisation methods, finding hardware-based synchronisation superior for precise cortical excitability and connectivity research. Proper protocol selection is crucial for reliable TMS-EEG studies.

Keywords:
ElectroencephalographyLab Streaming LayerLatencySynchronisationTime inter-pulse errorTranscranial magnetic stimulation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Combining electroencephalography (EEG) with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) offers insights into brain function.
  • Challenges include data artefacts, limited spatial resolution, and inconsistent synchronisation protocols.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate three TMS-EEG synchronisation paradigms using Lab Streaming Layer (LSL).
  • To analyse time intervals and latency for optimal synchronisation.

Main Methods:

  • Three paradigms were tested: software-based simultaneous (Paradigm 1), software-based sequential (Paradigm 2), and hardware-based direct routing (Paradigm 3).
  • Synchronisation was assessed at 1, 5, 10, and 20 Hz using 100-pulse trains.

Main Results:

  • Paradigm 3 demonstrated superior performance with lower time interval error (TIE) and latency, indicating higher precision and accuracy.
  • Software-based paradigms (1 and 2) offered greater flexibility for device integration but showed more variability.
  • All tested paradigms achieved acceptable latency and timing error for EEG applications.

Conclusions:

  • The choice of TMS-EEG synchronisation paradigm significantly impacts research outcomes.
  • Standardisation of TMS-EEG synchronisation protocols is essential for enhancing reliability and advancing research.
  • Selecting the appropriate method depends on specific study requirements and available resources.