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Related Concept Videos

B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2025

Long Term Intravital Multiphoton Microscopy Imaging of Immune Cells in Healthy and Diseased Liver Using CXCR6.Gfp Reporter Mice
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Differential Pathways Orchestrate Plasma-Cell Infiltration in Liver Autoimmunity Diseases.

L Baert1, Z Chemkhi2, B Manfroi1

  • 1Institute for Advanced Biosciences, University Grenoble-Alpes/INSERM U1209/CNRS, La Tronche, France.

Liver International : Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver
|April 15, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Plasma cells (PCs) infiltrate livers in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). In AIH, IL-16 drives PC recruitment, while APRIL promotes PC survival, with treatment impacting survival pathways more than recruitment.

Keywords:
autoimmune hepatitischemotactismplasma cellprimary biliary cholangitissurvivaltreatment

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Plasma cells (PCs) infiltrate livers in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and primary biliary cholangitis (PBC).
  • The molecular mechanisms driving PC infiltration and survival in these liver diseases are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the molecular pathways involved in plasma cell (PC) recruitment and survival in AIH and PBC.
  • To identify key molecules and cellular interactions contributing to PC accumulation in the liver.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective in situ analysis of liver biopsies from AIH and PBC patients.
  • In vitro assays to confirm the functional activity of identified molecules.
  • Assessment of molecular markers and cell densities related to PC infiltration and survival.

Main Results:

  • Myeloid cells producing a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), a PC survival factor, were found in AIH and PBC livers.
  • APRIL levels correlated with PC accumulation in AIH but not PBC.
  • Interleukin-16 (IL-16) was identified as a chemokine involved in PC recruitment, with its expression correlating with PC accumulation in AIH.
  • Treatment for AIH reduced PC density and APRIL-producing cells, but not secreted APRIL or IL-16-producing cells, suggesting differential pathway impact.

Conclusions:

  • Plasma cell infiltration and persistence are regulated by distinct molecular pathways in AIH and PBC.
  • In AIH, treatment partially downregulates the PC survival pathway (APRIL) but leaves the PC chemotaxis pathway (IL-16) largely unaffected.