Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Analysis of Fatty Acid Content and Composition in Microalgae
Published on: October 1, 2013
Almond By-Products: A Comprehensive Review of Composition, Bioactivities, and Influencing Factors
Vânia Silva1, Ivo Oliveira1, José Alberto Pereira2
1Center for the Research and Technology of Agroenvironmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, Inov4Agro, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
Abstract:
One of today's major environmental and economic challenges is the fight against both agro- and industrial-waste. Almond production and industrial processing exemplifies this issue, as it generates tons of waste and by-products, with hulls and shells accounting for about 70% of the total fruit's weight while skins represent about 6% of the shelled kernel. Since the edible kernel, about 23% of the total fruit weight, holds the highest commercial value, there has been growing interest within the scientific community in exploring the potential of these by-products. However, almond by-products contain a wide range of phytochemicals, mainly phenolic compounds (flavonoids and non-flavonoids), and triterpenoids, with great potential as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and prebiotic properties. Although these by-products are being explored as alternative sources in the textile, pharmaceutical/cosmetic, and food industries, their primary use remains in livestock feed or bedding, or as biofuel. This review compiles recent scientific data on almond by-products' phytochemical composition and bioactivities aiming to support sustainable and holistic agricultural practices.
Related Concept Videos
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in the...
Factors Influencing Bioavailability: First-Pass Elimination
Bioavailability: Influencing Factors
Bioavailability Enhancement: Determination and Conceptual Approaches in Overcoming Bioavailability Problems
Bioplastics
Biofuels

