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Rates, Risk Factors and Outcomes of Complications After COVID-19 in Children

Mallika Rattanawijit1, Arisara Samutpong2, Nopporn Apiwattanakul3

  • 1From the Department of Pediatrics, Lampang Hospital, Lampang.

The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
|April 15, 2025
PubMed

Insights

Long COVID in children is uncommon, affecting approximately 20% of cases. Key risk factors include anosmia and a history of pneumonia, warranting careful follow-up for persistent symptoms.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can cause complications like multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and long COVID.
  • Understanding the incidence and risk factors of these conditions in pediatric populations is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the rates, risk factors, and outcomes of MIS-C and long COVID in children diagnosed with COVID-19.
  • To compare these outcomes with children infected with other respiratory viruses.

Main Methods:

  • A combined retrospective and prospective cohort study enrolled 618 children (0-18 years) diagnosed with COVID-19 or other respiratory viruses.
  • Demographic, clinical data, and persisting symptoms were recorded at 1-12 months post-infection.
  • MIS-C and long COVID were defined using CDC and WHO criteria, with laboratory and imaging follow-up.

Main Results:

  • The rate of persisting symptoms was 16.5% in COVID-19 patients versus 1.1% in others; MIS-C rate was 0.7%.
  • Long COVID rates were 20.4% (CDC) and 13.0% (WHO), primarily affecting respiratory systems.
  • Risk factors for long COVID included age 5-18, anosmia, prior pneumonia, and infection during Delta/Omicron waves.

Conclusions:

  • Long COVID is uncommon in children following COVID-19 infection.
  • Children experiencing anosmia or a history of pneumonia require monitoring for potential long COVID development.
Abstract

Keywords:
COVID-19childrenlong COVIDmultisystem inflammatory syndrome in childrenpost-COVID-19 conditions

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