The Impact of Bruxism on Athletic Performance: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Bruxism, an involuntary clenching or grinding of teeth, is increasingly prevalent among athletes due to elevated stress, performance anxiety, and intense training. This systematic review analyzed 11 studies (2000-2023) on bruxism prevalence, underlying factors, and its impact on athletic performance. Data were extracted on prevalence, strength, endurance, coordination, reaction time, psychological stress, sleep quality, and injury risk. Random-effects models calculated pooled prevalence, standardized mean differences, and odds ratios. Bruxism prevalence among athletes ranged from 15 to 70%, with a pooled estimate of 38% (95% confidence interval: 25-52%), significantly higher than the general population's 8-20%. Combat sports (58%) and weightlifting (50%) showed the highest rates. Athletes with bruxism exhibited reduced strength (standardized mean difference=- 0.48), endurance (standardized mean difference=- 0.41), coordination (standardized mean difference=- 0.45), slower reaction times (standardized mean difference=- 0.33), elevated anxiety (standardized mean difference=0.62), poorer sleep quality (standardized mean difference=- 0.56), and a 2.5-fold higher injury risk (odds ratio=2.5). Bruxism poses significant challenges for athletes, compromising oral health, sleep, and performance. Further research should clarify sport-specific risk factors and develop targeted management strategies to safeguard athletes' health and competitive outcomes.