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Related Concept Videos

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German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with...
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X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal...
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Phase-Contrast Microscopes
In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular components is used to create high-contrast, high-resolution images without staining. It is the oldest and simplest type of microscope that creates an image by altering the wavelengths of light rays passing through the specimen. Altered wavelength paths are created using an annular stop in the condenser. The annular stop produces a hollow cone of...
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Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to determine the 3D structure of biological samples with the help of techniques such as electron microscope tomography and single-particle reconstruction. While single-particle reconstruction can examine macromolecules and macromolecular complexes in vitro conditions only, tomography permits the study of cell components or small cells in vivo.
Electron Tomography
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X-ray Crystallography02:18

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The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
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Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
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Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy or TIRF is an advanced microscopic technique used to visualize fluorophores in samples close to a solid surface with a higher refractive index, such as a glass coverslip. TIRF only allows fluorophores in proximity to the solid surface to be excited. When light from a medium with a lower refractive index (such as air) hits the glass coverslip at a critical angle, the light undergoes total internal reflection stead of passing through the glass.
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Updated: May 13, 2025

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Edge-Illumination X-Ray Dark-Field Tomography.

Adam Doherty1, Savvas Savvidis1, Carlos Navarrete-León1

  • 1Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.

Physical Review Applied
|April 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

X-ray dark-field computed tomography (CT) reveals microstructural details beyond standard imaging. This advanced technique enhances material separation and identifies structures invisible to attenuation contrast CT.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Materials Science
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Dark-field imaging detects subtle density variations, complementing traditional X-ray methods.
  • X-ray computed tomography (CT) is widely used in medical and materials analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and validate X-ray dark-field CT using a laboratory edge-illumination setup.
  • To demonstrate the utility of dark-field CT for material differentiation and biological sample analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a laboratory edge-illumination X-ray dark-field CT system.
  • Utilizing a custom-built multimaterial phantom for material separation assessment.
  • Imaging a model rat heart to evaluate biological sample analysis capabilities.

Main Results:

  • Dark-field contrast demonstrated a linear relationship with X-ray path length, suitable for standard CT reconstruction.
  • Dark-field CT effectively differentiated materials based on microstructure, complementing attenuation contrast CT.
  • Additional structures in a rat heart were identified using dark-field CT, which were not visible with attenuation contrast imaging, alongside sharper reconstructions.

Conclusions:

  • X-ray dark-field CT is a valuable extension of traditional CT, offering enhanced material characterization.
  • The technique provides superior visualization of microstructural features and complements existing X-ray imaging modalities.