Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins01:22

Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins

6.5K
Heterotrimeric G proteins are guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. As the name suggests, heterotrimeric G proteins are composed of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. They remain GDP-bound or GTP-bound inside the cells and switch between inactive/active states. The Gα subunit possesses the nucleotide-binding pocket that binds guanine nucleotides and switches between GDP or GTP-bound states. In contrast, the Gꞵ and Gγ subunits are always bound together with high...
6.5K
GPCR Desensitization01:12

GPCR Desensitization

5.6K
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling plays a crucial role in cell functioning. GPCR desensitization is an equally essential process. It allows cells to respond to changing environments and regain sensitivity to new stimuli while preventing unnecessary stimulation when no longer needed. Prolonged exposure to stimuli leads to GPCR desensitization. It involves blocking the receptors from binding and activating additional G proteins. This inhibits activation of downstream effectors, thereby...
5.6K
G-protein Coupled Receptors01:21

G-protein Coupled Receptors

112.8K
G-protein coupled receptors are ligand binding receptors that indirectly affect changes in the cell. The actual receptor is a single polypeptide that transverses the cell membrane seven times creating intracellular and extracellular loops. The extracellular loops create a ligand specific pocket which binds to neurotransmitters or hormones. The intracellular loops holds onto the G-protein.
112.8K
GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity01:09

GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity

5.1K
Some GPCRs transmit signals through adenylyl cyclase (AC), a transmembrane enzyme. AC helps synthesize second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). AC catalyzes cyclization reaction and converts ATP to cAMP by releasing a pyrophosphate. The pyrophosphate is further hydrolyzed to phosphate by the enzyme pyrophosphatase, which drives cAMP synthesis to completion. However, cAMP is rapidly degraded to 5′ AMP by the enzymes phosphodiesterase (PDE), preventing overstimulation of...
5.1K
Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade

8.2K
When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze...
8.2K
G-Protein Gated Ion Channels01:21

G-Protein Gated Ion Channels

4.5K
GPCRs are primarily responsible for our sense of smell, taste, and vision.  The binding of a sensory stimulus activates GPCR to stimulate effector proteins, many of which are ion channels in the sensory organs. GPCRs modulate the opening and closing of the target ion channels either directly by binding them, or by releasing second messengers that activate these channels. As ions move across the membrane, the membrane potential is altered, which induces an appropriate response.
Sensory...
4.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Small-molecule modulation of β-arrestins.

Nature·2026
Same author

β-Arrestin condensates regulate G-protein-coupled receptor function.

Nature·2026
Same author

Early Autonomic Dysfunction After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Brief Report.

Anesthesia and analgesia·2026
Same author

Location-biased β-arrestin conformations direct GPCR signaling.

Science signaling·2026
Same author

Cranial Nerve Injury in Endoscopic Endonasal Approach to Skull Base Surgery: A Systematic Review.

International forum of allergy & rhinology·2026
Same author

Mechanism of beta-arrestin 1 mediated Src activation via Src SH3 domain revealed by cryo-electron microscopy.

Nature communications·2026
Same journal

Genetic Impacts on Variability of Body Fat Distribution Uncover Gene-Environment and Gene-Gene Interactions.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same journal

16S ribosomal RNA modification drives transcript-specific translation efficiency.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same journal

FlcE latches onto the FliL-stator complex to turbocharge flagellar motility in <i>Borrelia burgdorferi</i>.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same journal

Synaptic pruning, myelination and the emergence of psychiatric disorders in late adolescence.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same journal

Structural and functional insights into the Rcs phosphorelay.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same journal

The structural basis of RanGAP1 regulation and catalysis in nuclear transport.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2025

Parallel Interrogation of &#946;-Arrestin2 Recruitment for Ligand Screening on a GPCR-Wide Scale using PRESTO-Tango Assay
09:03

Parallel Interrogation of β-Arrestin2 Recruitment for Ligand Screening on a GPCR-Wide Scale using PRESTO-Tango Assay

Published on: March 10, 2020

12.0K

β-Arrestin Condensates Regulate G Protein-Coupled Receptor Function.

Preston J Anderson, Peng Xiao, Yani Zhong

    Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
    |April 16, 2025
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Beta-arrestins (β-arrestins) form liquid-like condensates that regulate G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling. This process, driven by β-arrestin oligomerization near GPCRs, compartmentalizes signaling and controls receptor functions.

    More Related Videos

    Monitoring GPCR-&#946;-arrestin1/2 Interactions in Real Time Living Systems to Accelerate Drug Discovery
    08:21

    Monitoring GPCR-β-arrestin1/2 Interactions in Real Time Living Systems to Accelerate Drug Discovery

    Published on: June 28, 2019

    6.8K
    Measuring G-protein-coupled Receptor Signaling via Radio-labeled GTP Binding
    10:13

    Measuring G-protein-coupled Receptor Signaling via Radio-labeled GTP Binding

    Published on: June 9, 2017

    16.2K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: May 13, 2025

    Parallel Interrogation of &#946;-Arrestin2 Recruitment for Ligand Screening on a GPCR-Wide Scale using PRESTO-Tango Assay
    09:03

    Parallel Interrogation of β-Arrestin2 Recruitment for Ligand Screening on a GPCR-Wide Scale using PRESTO-Tango Assay

    Published on: March 10, 2020

    12.0K
    Monitoring GPCR-&#946;-arrestin1/2 Interactions in Real Time Living Systems to Accelerate Drug Discovery
    08:21

    Monitoring GPCR-β-arrestin1/2 Interactions in Real Time Living Systems to Accelerate Drug Discovery

    Published on: June 28, 2019

    6.8K
    Measuring G-protein-coupled Receptor Signaling via Radio-labeled GTP Binding
    10:13

    Measuring G-protein-coupled Receptor Signaling via Radio-labeled GTP Binding

    Published on: June 9, 2017

    16.2K

    Area of Science:

    • Cellular signaling
    • Molecular biology
    • Structural biology

    Background:

    • G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are crucial for cellular functions and are the largest receptor family.
    • Beta-arrestins (β-arrestins) are key regulators of GPCR signaling, mediating desensitization, internalization, and diverse signaling pathways.
    • The precise mechanisms by which β-arrestins orchestrate varied GPCR functions remain incompletely understood.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the role of β-arrestin oligomerization and liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) in GPCR regulation.
    • To elucidate how β-arrestin condensates influence GPCR internalization and signaling dynamics.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to determine the structure of a GPCR-β-arrestin complex.
    • Investigated β-arrestin oligomerization in proximity to GPCRs.
    • Analyzed the formation of β-arrestin condensates and their impact on GPCR functions.

    Main Results:

    • Demonstrated that β-arrestins undergo liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) to form functional condensates.
    • Showed that β-arrestin oligomerization, facilitated by specific orientations within GPCR complexes, is critical for condensate formation.
    • Observed that these β-arrestin condensates regulate GPCR internalization and signaling.

    Conclusions:

    • β-arrestin condensates, formed via LLPS, represent a novel paradigm for regulating GPCR function.
    • LLPS of β-arrestins promotes signaling compartmentalization at the receptor level.
    • The structural insights into the GPCR-β-arrestin complex provide a mechanistic basis for β-arrestin-mediated regulation.