Illusion of Incense Smoke and Associated Health Risk: An Investigation of Ocular and Respiratory Particulate...

The widespread use of incense in indoor environments, particularly in cultural and religious practices, poses significant health risks due to particulate matter (PM) emissions. This study examines the chemical composition, particle morphology, and deposition dynamics of PM from four types of incense: Cup dhoop, Cone dhoop, Natural Incense Powder, and Agarbatti. Advanced analytical techniques, including SEM, FTIR, ICP-MS, and CAM, were employed to characterize particles, focusing on their size, elemental makeup, and surface properties. Particle sizes ranged from 12.02 µm to 422.3 nm, with lenses showing higher concentrations than filters. Elements such as sodium (300 µg/m³) and mercury (1.99 µg/m³) were prominent in lenses, while arsenic (6.2 µg/m³) and cadmium (0.19 µg/m³) were dominant in filters. Neurotoxins like aluminum, lead, and mercury highlighted potential risks, including oxidative stress and systemic toxicity. Deposition modeling revealed age-related differences, with children (8 years) experiencing higher pulmonary deposition (16.8% for Cup dhoop), while adults (21 years) showed greater head region deposition (37.6% for Agarbatti). Hydrophobic particles in filters (contact angle 119.2°) contrasted with hydrophilic particles in lenses (69.8°), increasing ocular exposure risks. Cone dhoop exhibited the highest cancer risk, affecting 5 in 100,000 individuals, emphasizing its hazardous nature. FTIR identified microplastics like polypropylene and polyvinyl chloride, known to adsorb and transport heavy metals, compounding health risks. These findings highlight the critical health impacts of incense emissions, particularly for children, and underscore the urgent need for stricter regulations, improved ventilation, and public awareness to mitigate exposure.