Advancing medulloblastoma therapy: strategies and survival insights

Medulloblastoma, the most common malignant brain tumor in children, presents unique challenges due to its molecular and histological heterogeneity. Advances in molecular profiling have refined risk stratification, enabling personalized treatment strategies and improved survival outcomes. This review synthesizes recent developments in the multimodal management of medulloblastoma, encompassing surgery, craniospinal radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, tailored to patient age and risk classification. Key highlights include subgroup-specific therapies, the role of molecular-targeted treatments, and the integration of genetic testing for germline mutations to guide clinical decision-making. Special emphasis is placed on minimizing treatment-related toxicity while preserving long-term quality of life. Additionally, this manuscript discusses the implications of novel therapeutic approaches for high-risk subgroups, including intensified regimens and systemic therapies for young children. Despite significant progress, challenges remain in addressing long-term complications such as neurocognitive impairments, endocrine dysfunction, and secondary malignancies. Future directions prioritize optimizing therapeutic efficacy while reducing morbidity, underscoring the importance of translating molecular discoveries into clinical practice.