Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:01

Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

2.5K
Hydrolysis of acid halides is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which acid halides react with water to give carboxylic acids. The reaction occurs readily and does not require acid or a base catalyst.
As shown below, the mechanism involves a nucleophilic attack by water at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen π bond along with the departure of a halide ion. A final proton transfer step yields...
2.5K
Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis01:13

Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis

2.7K
Hydrolysis of esters under acidic conditions proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution. In the presence of excess water, the reaction proceeds in a reversible manner, forming carboxylic acids and alcohols.
During hydrolysis, the ester is first activated towards nucleophilic attack through the protonation of the carboxyl oxygen atom by the acid catalyst. The protonation makes the ester carbonyl carbon more electrophilic. In the next step, water acts as a nucleophile and adds to the...
2.7K
Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.2K
The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
2.2K
Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates00:52

Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates

775
After filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as silver chloride, are washed with an electrolyte (such as dilute nitric acid) to prevent the peptization of the precipitate. In the case of slightly soluble precipitates, the wash solution contains a common ion to reduce solubility. Lead sulfate, which is slightly soluble in water, is washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Similarly, wash solutions may be...
775
Factors Affecting Solubility04:01

Factors Affecting Solubility

32.9K
Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
32.9K
Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

26.4K
The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
26.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Base-Catalyzed Hydroarsination at Ambient Temperature: Synthesis in Green Solvent.

Inorganic chemistry·2026
Same author

Photolytic Hydrophosphination: Insights Into Catalyzed and Uncatalyzed Processes.

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026
Same author

Unexpected Chemistry of Molecular Precursors to Boron Arsenide Materials.

Chemistry, an Asian journal·2026
Same author

Interrogation of the Intermolecular Forces That Drive Bulk Properties of Molecular Crystals with Terahertz Spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory.

Crystal growth & design·2025
Same author

Transitioning to Green Discovery-Based Catalysis.

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2025
Same author

Grignard reagents as simple precatalysts for the dehydrocoupling of amines and silanes.

Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2025

Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions
10:21

Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions

Published on: October 5, 2019

8.3K

Photocatalytic Hydrophosphination Using Calcium Precatalysts.

Moniruzzaman Moniruzzaman1, Nai-Yuan Jheng1, Rory Waterman1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|April 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Calcium compounds are effective photocatalysts for hydrophosphination reactions under irradiation, expanding s-block catalysis. Nacnac-supported catalysts generate radicals, while unsupported ones react thermally, highlighting ligand importance.

Keywords:
calciumhydrophosphinationphosphinephotocatalysisradical

More Related Videos

Rapid Mix Preparation of Bioinspired Nanoscale Hydroxyapatite for Biomedical Applications
05:41

Rapid Mix Preparation of Bioinspired Nanoscale Hydroxyapatite for Biomedical Applications

Published on: February 23, 2017

19.1K
Two-way Valorization of Blast Furnace Slag: Synthesis of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate and Zeolitic Heavy Metal Adsorbent
11:14

Two-way Valorization of Blast Furnace Slag: Synthesis of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate and Zeolitic Heavy Metal Adsorbent

Published on: February 21, 2017

12.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 13, 2025

Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions
10:21

Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions

Published on: October 5, 2019

8.3K
Rapid Mix Preparation of Bioinspired Nanoscale Hydroxyapatite for Biomedical Applications
05:41

Rapid Mix Preparation of Bioinspired Nanoscale Hydroxyapatite for Biomedical Applications

Published on: February 23, 2017

19.1K
Two-way Valorization of Blast Furnace Slag: Synthesis of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate and Zeolitic Heavy Metal Adsorbent
11:14

Two-way Valorization of Blast Furnace Slag: Synthesis of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate and Zeolitic Heavy Metal Adsorbent

Published on: February 21, 2017

12.3K

Area of Science:

  • Organometallic Chemistry
  • Photocatalysis
  • Main Group Chemistry

Background:

  • Transition-metal compounds are established photocatalysts for hydrophosphination.
  • Previous methods were limited to specific substrate types.
  • S-block elements offer a new frontier in photocatalysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the use of calcium compounds as photocatalysts for hydrophosphination.
  • To investigate the role of ancillary ligands in calcium-catalyzed hydrophosphination.
  • To understand the mechanism of photocatalysis involving s-block elements.

Main Methods:

  • Screening of calcium precatalysts and intermediates under photochemical conditions.
  • Utilizing various unsaturated substrates like styrenic alkenes, Michael acceptors, and dienes.
  • Employing light-emitting diode (LED)-generated blue light for irradiation.
  • Characterization using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and radical trapping experiments.

Main Results:

  • Calcium compounds, particularly nacnac-supported ones, efficiently catalyze hydrophosphination under blue LED irradiation.
  • Nacnac-supported calcium complexes generate radicals, indicating a photoinduced radical pathway.
  • Unsupported calcium compounds exhibit EPR silence and proceed via thermal pathways.
  • Modest to excellent conversions were achieved for styrenic alkenes, Michael acceptors, and dienes, but not unactivated alkenes.

Conclusions:

  • Calcium compounds represent a viable class of s-block photocatalysts for hydrophosphination.
  • Photoactivation of π-basic ligands is a broad phenomenon extending beyond transition metals.
  • Ancillary ligand choice is crucial for controlling reactivity and avoiding undesired radical pathways, similar to d-block metal catalysis.