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Electrocardiogram

Electrocardiogram

An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a critical diagnostic tool that records the electrical signals produced by the heart during each heartbeat. This recording is achieved through electrodes placed strategically on the arms, legs, and chest. The electrocardiograph amplifies these signals and produces 12 distinct tracings, offering a comprehensive understanding of the heart's electrical activity.
Three major waveforms are present in a typical ECG recording: the P wave, the QRS complex, and the T...

Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle

Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle

The electrical signals recorded on an electrocardiogram (ECG) occur before the mechanical processes of contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle.
A cardiac action potential originates in the SA node and spreads throughout the atria and the AV node in approximately 0.03 seconds. This results in the P wave in an ECG and triggers atrial contraction. The action potential is then briefly slowed at the AV node, allowing the atria to contract and fill the ventricles with blood before...

Electrocardiogram Fundamentals

Electrocardiogram Fundamentals

Introduction
An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a diagnostic tool for identifying cardiac conditions such as arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, and myocardial ischemia.
Definition
An electrocardiogram (ECG) visualizes the heart's electrical activity by tracing the electrical movement associated with each heartbeat on a graph or monitor. As the heart beats, an electrical wave passes through it, correlating with the cardiac cycle events.
Parts of an ECG
An ECG utilizes electrodes on the skin to...

ECG Interpretation of Rhythms

ECG Interpretation of Rhythms

An electrocardiogram (ECG)graphically represents the heart's electrical activity on ECG paper or a monitor.
Components of the Electrocardiogram
The primary components of a normal ECG waveform in Normal sinus rhythm(NSR) include the P wave, PR interval, QRS complex, ST segment, T wave, and occasionally a U wave.
ECG waveforms are divided by vertical and horizontal lines at standard intervals.
The horizontal axis measures time and rate, and the vertical axis measures amplitude or voltage. When...

Dysrhythmias V: Evaluating Dysrhythmias

Dysrhythmias V: Evaluating Dysrhythmias

Dysrhythmias, also known as arrhythmias, are disturbances in the heart's rhythm that range from benign to life-threatening. A thorough evaluation is crucial for appropriate management and involves a comprehensive medical history, physical examination, and various diagnostic tests.Medical HistorySymptoms: Collect detailed information on palpitations, dizziness, syncope, chest pain, and fatigue. Note their onset, frequency, and triggers.Previous Cardiac Issues: Document any history of heart...

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

A Research Method For Detecting Transient Myocardial Ischemia In Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome Using Continuous ST-segment Analysis

A Research Method For Detecting Transient Myocardial Ischemia In Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome Using Continuous ST-segment Analysis

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A Review of Racial Differences and Disparities in ECG.

Jianwei Zheng¹, Chizobam Ani^2,3, Islam Abudayyeh^2,4

¹Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA.

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

|April 16, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Racial and ethnic variations in electrocardiogram (ECG) readings are understudied, potentially causing healthcare disparities. Addressing these differences with race-specific norms and AI can improve cardiovascular care equity.

Keywords:

ECG artificial intelligence cardiovascular disease healthcare inequities machine learning racial disparities social determinants of health

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Published on: May 23, 2021

Area of Science:

Cardiology
Medical Diagnostics
Health Equity

Background:

Electrocardiogram (ECG) is crucial for diagnosing cardiovascular conditions.
Racial and ethnic differences in ECG parameters are underexplored.
Existing diagnostic criteria may not account for population variations, leading to disparities.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the impact of race and ethnicity on ECG readings.
To identify causes of observed variations.
To propose strategies for equitable cardiovascular care.

Main Methods:

Literature review on racial/ethnic differences in ECG parameters (PR, QRS, QT intervals, T-wave morphology).
Analysis of potential genetic and environmental contributing factors.
Exploration of healthcare outcome disparities.

Main Results:

Variations in key ECG parameters exist across racial groups.
Limited research hinders development of inclusive diagnostic criteria.
Current algorithms may lead to misdiagnosis in minority populations.

Conclusions:

Acknowledging and addressing racial/ethnic ECG differences is vital for reducing healthcare disparities.
Strategies include developing race-specific ECG norms and diversifying databases.
Artificial intelligence (AI) can enhance diagnostic accuracy and promote personalized cardiovascular care.