Effect of Fumonisin B1 and Hydrolyzed FB1 Exposure on Intestinal and Hepatic Toxicity in BALB/c Mice

Fumonisins, a class of mycotoxins, pose significant health risks due to widespread contamination. The presence of masked mycotoxins complicates risk assessments because of insufficient regulation and potential toxicity as well as in vivo transformation. This study aims to compare the toxic effects of continuous exposure to fumonisin B1 (FB1) and hydrolyzed FB1 (HFB1) on the gut-liver axis in mice. After 21 d of exposure to FB1 and HFB1, the distributions of FB1 and its metabolites in mice were analyzed, and their effects on intestinal morphology, gut microbial diversity, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), inflammatory factors, and hippocampal metabolites were assessed. The results revealed that the highest concentrations of FB1 (61.87%) and HFB1 (53.56%) were detected in the cecum, followed by the colon. Exposure to FB1 and HFB1 resulted in compromised intestinal integrity, villi atrophy, elevated levels of inflammatory factors, and decreased total SCFAs. Both FB1 and HFB1 led to a significant reduction in the Firmicutes to Bacteroides ratio. Blood biochemical analysis and liver metabolomics indicated that FB1 and HFB1 also induced disturbances in the liver homeostasis. The complex correlations observed between the metabolomic and microbiota results underscore the involvement of the gut-liver axis in the disruption induced by these two mycotoxins. These findings highlight the systemic effects of FB1 and HFB1 on liver and gut health, providing valuable insights for further research into their mechanisms and health implications.