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Comprehensive review of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in bee products: Occurrence, extraction, and analytical methods

  • 0Department of Agroindustry Science and Technology, Federal University of Pelotas, Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul State, 96010-900, Brazil; Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina State 88034-001, Brazil.
Food Chemistry +

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April 16, 2025

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April 16, 2025

View abstract on PubMed

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and their N-oxides (PANOs) are toxic compounds found in bee products. Recent reviews highlight the need for better detection methods and regulatory monitoring to ensure consumer safety.

Area Of Science

  • Food Chemistry
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Toxicology

Background

  • Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and their N-oxides (PANOs) are hepatotoxic compounds found in various plants.
  • Their presence in bee products like honey and pollen poses a health risk to consumers.
  • Regulatory bodies have established limits for PAs/PANOs in certain food supplements.

Purpose Of The Study

  • To review analytical methods for detecting PAs and PANOs in bee products.
  • To identify the prevalence and types of PAs/PANOs in bee products.
  • To assess the current state of risk assessment for PA/PANO consumption.

Main Methods

  • Literature review of studies published between 2019 and 2024.
  • Analysis of sample preparation techniques (solvent extraction, SPE, QuEChERS).
  • Evaluation of detection techniques, primarily liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).

Main Results

  • Identified 51 compounds (32 PAs, 19 PANOs) in bee products.
  • Lycopsamine, senecionine, echimidine, intermedine, and retrorsine were frequently studied.
  • Solvent extraction and LC-MS/MS are the predominant methods for sample preparation and detection.

Conclusions

  • Sensitive analytical methods are crucial for monitoring PAs/PANOs in bee products.
  • Further research is needed to refine detection methods and establish standardized limits.
  • Regulatory oversight is essential for ensuring the safety of bee products regarding PAs/PANOs.

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