Identifying ecological risk zones using spatial prioritization of heavy metal pollution and bioaccumulation in birds

Rapid urbanization and climate change have exacerbated environmental pollution, posing significant threats to ecosystems globally. This study addresses the urgent ecological concern of heavy metal (HM) contamination, focusing on lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn), and their impact on avian species in Eastern India. Eight heronries were surveyed, focusing on the cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) as a bioindicator species for comprehensive biomonitoring. Feathers, prey, and soil samples were collected and analyzed using analytical technique atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The data were further interpreted through contamination indices, transfer factor calculations, ecological risk assessments, and statistical correlations. Substantial differences in HM concentrations were observed among sites, with Talcher and Koraput identified as areas of highest contamination. Spatial distribution mapping identified these regions, alongside Hirakud, as primary ecological risk zones. The study underscores the imperative of implementing conservation measures urgently to address HM pollution and safeguard avian populations. These findings furnish policymakers with critical insights for formulating effective conservation strategies for threatened birds, optimizing resource allocation, and mitigating risks to both human health and environmental well-being. Overall, the study emphasizes the indispensable necessity of proactive environmental management to ensure the long-term health of ecosystems and the diverse species dependent upon them.