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As muscle contracts, the overlap between the thin and thick filaments increases, decreasing the length of the sarcomere—the contractile unit of the muscle—using energy in the form of ATP. At the molecular level, this is a cyclic, multistep process that involves binding and hydrolysis of ATP, and movement of actin by myosin.
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Geographic atrophy in Asia.

Chui Ming Gemmy Cheung1, Youxin Chen2, Frank Holz3

  • 1Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore. gemmy.cheung.c.m@snec.com.sg.

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|April 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Geographic atrophy (GA) in Asian populations presents with fewer drusen, smaller lesions, and a thicker choroid compared to non-Asians. Understanding these differences is crucial for tailored treatments and clinical trials for age-related macular degeneration.

Keywords:
Age-related macular degenerationAsiaChoroidDrusenGeographic atrophyRetinal imaging

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Retinal Diseases
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Geographic atrophy (GA) is an advanced stage of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) causing vision loss.
  • Reported differences exist between Asian and non-Asian populations with GA.
  • Understanding these variations is key for disease management and clinical trial design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize current knowledge on the differences in geographic atrophy (GA) between Asian and non-Asian populations.
  • To highlight how these differences may impact disease pathophysiology and treatment strategies.
  • To inform future clinical trial designs for AMD.

Main Methods:

  • A non-systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed up to November 22, 2023.
  • Included articles were identified through reference list reviews and manual selection.
  • Only English-language articles were considered for this narrative review.

Main Results:

  • GA prevalence is generally low in Asia, with regional variations and a male predominance.
  • Asian populations exhibit fewer overall drusen, smaller GA lesion sizes, thicker choroids, and lower bilaterality rates compared to White and other non-Asian groups.
  • Certain GA characteristics are associated with rapid progression in both Asian and non-Asian individuals.

Conclusions:

  • GA in Asian populations shares some similarities but also shows distinct differences compared to non-Asian populations.
  • Identifying GA subphenotypes and progression predictors is vital for optimizing care for Asian patients.
  • Enhanced understanding will refine management strategies and improve interventional trial designs for GA.