Nanoparticles as tools for enhancing plant resistance to biotic stress in the context of climate change

In the face of climate change, agriculture is increasingly challenged by shifting dynamics of biotic stresses, including the intensified spread of pests and pathogens. Traditional control methods, often reliant on chemical pesticides, are associated with environmental degradation and potential health risks. Nanoparticles (NPs) present a promising, sustainable alternative for enhancing plant resistance to biotic stresses, potentially revolutionizing agricultural practices. This mini-review explores the mechanisms through which NP-based formulations (such as metal-based NPs, chitosan, and silica) induce plant responses and bolster defences against pathogens and pests. By enhancing plant resilience without the environmental downsides of conventional pesticides, NPs could support a more sustainable approach to crop protection. This review also highlights the potential risks in expanding the use of NPs in agriculture, urging more studies to explore these technologies as a sustainable approach to managing crops in a changing climate.